Transcript File
The Simplest Matter Chapter 1 Section 2 Elements An element is matter made from one type of atom An atom is the smallest unit an element can be broken down to that still retains the chemical properties of the element. Natural and Synthetic Elements At least 115 elements are known and 90 of them occur naturally on Earth. The other elements are known as synthetic elements and were made in particle accelerators involving nuclear reactions. The Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev The Periodic Table Much like the Dewey Decimal system the periodic table is a way of organizing the elements so that information about them is easily accessible. Each element is represented by a symbol of 1 to 3 letters. This is part of an international system. The Periodic Table The elements are organized based on their relationship to each other. The elements in a row have the same number of energy levels. The columns are called groups. The elements in each group have similar properties related to their structure. They also tend to form similar bonds. Identifying Characteristics An atom is classified according to the number of its protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the chemical element The number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element. Atomic Number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element For example helium has an atomic number of 2 and so has 2 protons. Atoms Are Electrically Neutral All the atoms on the periodic table are electrically neutral Therefore if the protons carry a positive charge there must be a negative charge to cancel them out The negative charge is held in the electrons and there are an equal number of protons and electrons in every atom on the periodic table Atomic Mass As you can imagine atoms don’t weigh much. In fact they are so light that we had to invent a new unit to measure them (atomic mass unit – amu) Atomic Mass We call this the atomic mass. This measures how many protons and neutrons an atom has. 1 amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The total number of protons plus the neutrons in an atom equal the atomic mass. P+ + n= = atomic mass Isotopes Although the number of protons changes from element to element every atom of a particular element has the same number of protons. The number of neutrons may vary Isotopes For example some chlorine atoms have 18 neutrons (chlorine-35) and some have 20 (chlorine-37). They are called isotopes. You can tell someone exactly which isotope you are referring to by using the mass number. Carbon-12 Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. The atomic mass is the average of all the isotopes of that element – which is why the number often contains a decimal point. Atomic Number The number of protons and the number of neutrons always adds up to the atomic mass. Atomic Mass Electrons Remember the protons carry a positive charge and the neutrons a neutral charge and electrons a negative charge. The overall charge of an element will be neutral so there must be an equal number of protons and electrons. Electron Shells Electrons Shells and Energy Formula =2n2 Quantum Shells s= 1 orbital 2, electrons P= 3 orbitals, 6 electrons d= 5 orbitals, 10 electrons f= 7 orbitals, 14 electrons 2 8 18 32 50 Be careful when interpreting the periodic table as the model we use is simplistic and not all elements will follow these rules. Quantum mechanics uses shells, subshells and orbitals. Valance Electrons The electrons in the outermost shell are known as valance electrons and they typically determine how a molecule will react. If the valance shell is full the element will be fairly inert (unreactive). Valance Electrons If the valance shell is mostly empty or almost full the element will be much more reactive. For example the noble gases have full valence shells and are unreactive. Alkali metals have only one valance electron and halogens are missing only one electron and so are the most reactive. We are constantly swapping electrons! Magnesium Classification of Elements Elements are classified into 3 general categories; • Metals • Metalloids • Non-metals Classification of Elements Metals are usually shiny or metallic in appearance, good conductors of electricity and heat. All metals except mercury are solid at room temperature. Metals are malleable and ductile (able to be drawn into a thin wire). Most of the elements are metals. Classification of Elements Nonmetals are usually dull in appearance, poor conductors of heat and electricity. Many are gases at room temperature. Solid non-metals are usually brittle. Non-metals are essential for the chemicals of life. E.g. CHNOPS Classification of Elements Metalloids have characteristics of metals and non-metals. All metalloids are solid at room temperature. Transitional Metals Halogens Noble Gasses Alkaline Metals Alkali Metals The Periodic Table Recently Discovered More Classifications Group Work • In your groups go to ptable.com and periodictable.com or use the ipad and find 3 interesting facts about carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. CHNOPS. • Using the model kits construct a model of each elements atom and draw a diagram of it for your notes. Note: hydrogen atoms are unusual in that they have no neutrons in their nucleus.