Transcript Basic Chemistry for Earth Science

Basic Chemistry
for
Earth Science
The Periodic Table
• Family/Group: vertical columns
• Period: the horizontal rows on the periodic
table
• Elements are pure substances that cannot be
broken down into a more simple substance.
They are found on the periodic table.
• An atom is the smallest part of an element you
can have and still have the properties of that
element.
• All atoms are make-up of subatomic particles.
The 3 subatomic particles are:
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons
• The nucleus is the center of an atom.
• Protons have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus.
• Electrons have a negative charge and are found in a “cloud”
outside of the nucleus.
• Neutrons are neutral and are found in the nucleus.
• The number of protons determine the identity of an element.
• The Atomic Number tells you the number of protons and
electrons (unless it is an ion).
• The Mass Number tells you protons + neutrons.
• Neutrons = Mass Number - # of Protons
Element Mass # Atomic # Protons Electrons Neutrons
Gold
Magnesium
Aluminum
Calcium
Sodium
• An Isotopes are atoms of an element that
have the same number of protons, but a
different number of neutrons.
Element Mass # Atomic # Protons Electrons
Carbon
12
6
Carbon
14
6
Neutrons
• A ion is an atom that has gained or lost
electrons. If an atom loses electrons it is
metal. If an atom gains electrons it is
non-metal.
Element
Calcium
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Mass #
Atomic # Protons
Electrons Neutrons Charge
Metals
Nonmetals
• A compound is two or more elements
chemically combined.
– Examples:
•
•
•
•
Water H2O
Table Salt NaCl
Baking Soda Na2CO3
Vinegar HC3H3O2
• A molecule is the smallest part of a compound
that you can have and still have the properties
of the compound.
• A mixture is a material system made up by two
or more different substances which are mixed
but are not combined chemically.
• A covalent bond is a bond formed when
electrons are shared.
• An ionic bond is a bond formed when electrons
are either gained or lost from one element to
another.
A metallic bond is a bond formed when
electrons are shared in large amounts.
• -like a sea of electrons that are shared by all
atoms
• Ionic Bonds are like TYRANTS. They take what
they want.
• Covalent Bonds are like socialists. They share
what they need.
• Metallic Bonds are like Anarchists. They run
around sharing what they need, but with no
thought of ownership.