Transcript AHGSE Review

AHSGE REVIEW
Basic Concepts
Sample Test Items
Standard One
• Analyze the methods of
science used to identify and
solve problems.
Scientific Method
Make predictions
Revise/ repeat
experiment
Recognize
the
Problem
Draw
Conclusions
Collect
data
Use
observations
Form a
Hypothesis
Test the
Hypothesis
Conduct the experiment
Design an
experiment
Which choice from the following list represents the correct order of
the steps of the scientific method?
a. conclusion, hypothesis, data, observations, prediction, experiment
b. hypothesis, data, conclusion, experiment, observation, prediction
c. observation, experiment, conclusion, hypothesis, prediction, data
d. observation, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion, prediction
HYPOTHESIS
An educated guess
A possible explanation
A possible solution to a problem
THEORY
An explanation supported by a large
amount of research
LAW
A rule of nature that is always
true
A fact
Which of the following are examples of
hypotheses?
1. The sky is blue.
2. When fertilizer is added, plants grow taller.
3. The volume of the balloon will increase when the
temperature is increased.
Identify and distinguish between
controls and variables in a
scientific investigation.
CONTROL:
VARIABLE:
GROUP IN WHICH ALL
CONDITIONS ARE KEPT
THE SAME
CONDITION WHICH
CHANGES
USED FOR COMPARISON TO
SEE EFFECT OF VARIABLE
FOR GOOD EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN, ONLY ONE
VARIABLE IS CHANGED AT
A TIME.
Edward conducted an experiment to
determine the concentration of fertilizer that
will make his pea plants grow tallest. First
he planted one pea in each of four identical
pots. He then placed all fours pots in the
same room and made sure that they all
received the same amount of sunlight. He
watered the pea plants twice a week for
three months. The following chart shows
the amount of water and fertilizer given to
each plant.
Plant
1
Amount of fertilizer dissolved
in 25 mL of water
0 mg
2
5 mg
3
10 mg
4
20 mg
1. Which plant served as the control?
2. What was the dependent variable in the experiment?
3. What was the independent variable?
4. Which factors were constants?
Measurement Instrument SI Base Unit
Other
common
units
Length
Meter
km, cm, mm
Mass
gram
kg, mg
Temperature
Kelvin
Volume
Liter
mL, cm3,
dm3
The unit of measurement that you would use to measure the amount
of liquid in a glass is:
a. grams
b. kilograms
c. milliliters
d. centimeters
The instrument that you would use to measure the mass of a bean is:
a. thermometer
b. balance
c. graduated cylinder
d. ruler
States of Matter
• Identify states of matter in terms of:
– Molecular motion
– Density
– Kinetic energy
Solids
• Solids have a
definite shape
• Solids have a
definite volume
• Particles are closely
packed
• Particles vibrate in
place
Liquids
• Liquids do not have a
definite shape.
• Liquids have a definite
volume
• Particles are closely
spaced
• Particles can slip and
slide over each other
Gases
• Gases do not have a
definite shape
• Gases do not have a
definite volume
• Particles are widely
spaced
• Particles move at high
speeds
Which state of matter has:
•The greatest density?
•The least amount of kinetic energy?
•The greatest distance between particles?
•The least density?
•The closest particle spacing?
•The greatest amount of kinetic energy?
Parts of the Atom
Nucleus
Electron cloud
Positive particle
Neutron
Neutral particle
Electron
Atomic Number
= protons
Proton
Negative particle
Atomic Mass
= protons + neutrons
Atoms with the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons are
called isotopes.
Three isotopes of hydrogen :
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
How many protons, neutrons and
electrons are found in the two isotopes
of Carbon:
Carbon-12 and Carbon-14?
Using the Periodic Table
Determine the number of protons, electrons, neutrons
and mass of an element using the period table.
Use the periodic table to identify metals, nonmetals,
metalloids and noble gases.
Use data about the number of electrons in the outer
electron shell of an atom, including simple dot
diagrams, to determine its stability/reactivity and be
able to predict ionic charge resulting from reactions.
12.01
1. What is the atomic
number of Carbon?
2. What is the atomic
mass?
C
Carbon
3. How many protons
does carbon have?
4. How many electrons
does carbon have?
5. How many neutrons
does carbon have?
6
How many electrons are in the outer most
energy level of the carbon atom?
Dot Notation:
C
Is carbon stable or
unstable?
Predict the charge on this carbon
atom when bonding.
35.5
1. What is the atomic
number of chlorine?
2. What is the atomic
mass?
Cl
Chlorine
3. How many protons
does chlorine have?
4. How many electrons
does chlorine have?
5. How many neutrons
does chlorine have?
17
How many valence electrons does
chlorine have?
Dot Notation:
Cl
Is chlorine stable or
unstable?
Predict the oxidation number of
chlorine.
7
1. What is the atomic
number of Lithium?
2. What is Lithium’s
atomic mass?
Li
Lithium
3. How many protons
does lithium have?
4. How many electrons
does lithium have?
5. How many neutrons
does lithium have?
3
How many electrons are in the outer most
energy level of the lithium atom?
Dot Notation:
Is lithium stable or
unstable?
Li
Predict the oxidation number of
lithium.
Periods: rows on the periodic table
Families: columns on the periodic table
Which family of elements is also called
the noble gases?
Which family is known as the
halogens?
Which family is known as the alkali
metals?
What is another name for elements in
the center of the periodic table?
To which family does Neon belong?
To which family does Calcium
belong?
Classify the following elements as
metals, metalloids and nonmetals.
a. Carbon
c. Silicon
b. Potassium
d. Iron
Reactants and Products
in
Chemical Equations
Reactant:
Product:
Starting substances in a
reaction
Substances formed in a
reaction
Always written on the
left side of an equation
Always written on the
right side of an equation
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
1. What are the products of photosynthesis?
2. What are the reactants?
RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O
1. What are the reactants of respiration?
2. What are the products?
Factors that affect physical and
chemical changes:
temperature
concentration
surface area
catalysts
Classification of Organisms
7 levels of classification:
•Kingdom
•Phylum
•Class
•Order
•Family
•Genus
•Species
King Phillip Came Over For
Great Spaghetti.
Classification of the common
house cat
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Felis
Species: domesticus
Scientific Names
Binomial Nomenclature: two word Latin name
Genus name is capitalized, species name is not.
Scientific names are italicized or underlined in print.
Which of the following are
correctly written scientific names?
1. Lynx Rufus
6. Acer rubrum
2. FELIS DOMESTICUS
7. Liriodendron
3. homo Sapiens
8. Butterfly bush
4. Rattus norvegicus
9. Ameoba proteus
5. Domestic dog
10. Odocoileus virginianus
Kindgom Monera
•Unicellular
•Prokaryotic (no organized
nucleus)
•Producers and consumers
Kingdom Protista
•Unicellular
•Eukaryotic
•Producers and consumers
Kingdom
Fungi
Multicellular except for
yeast
Eukaryotic
Consumers (decomposers)
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Producers
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Consumers