Transcript 2013 atoms
Atoms and Their
Structure
History of the Atom
Original idea (400 B.C.) came from
Democritus, a Greek philosopher
Democritus expressed the belief that all
matter is composed of very small, indivisible
particles, which he named atomos.
Who’s Next?
John Dalton (17661844), an English
school teacher and
chemist, studied
the results of
experiments by
other scientists.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton proposed his atomic theory
of matter in 1803.
Although his theory has been modified
slightly to accommodate new
discoveries, Dalton’s theory was so
insightful that it has remained
essentially intact up to the present time.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter is made of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are
identical; those of different atoms are
different.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory, cont.
3. Atoms of different elements combine in
whole number ratios to form
compounds
4. Chemical reactions involve the
rearrangement of atoms. No new atoms
are created or destroyed.
Parts of the Atom
Because of Dalton’s atomic theory,
most scientists in the 1800s believed
that the atom was like a tiny solid ball
that could not be broken up into parts.
In 1897, a British physicist,
J.J. Thomson, discovered that this solidball model was not accurate.
Parts of the Atom
Thomson’s experiments used a cathode
ray tube.
It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been
pumped out.
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
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Vacuum tube
Metal Disks
Thomson’s Experiment
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At each end of the tube is a metal
piece called an electrode, which is
connected through the glass to a
metal terminal outside the tube.
Thomson’s Experiment
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When the electrodes are charged, rays
travel in the tube from the negative
electrode, which is the cathode, to the
positive electrode, the anode.
Thomson’s Experiment
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Because these rays originate at the
cathode, they are called cathode rays.
Thomson’s Experiment
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Thomson’s Experiment
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Thomson’s Experiment
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Thomson’s Experiment
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Thomson’s Experiment
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By adding an electric field,
Thomson’s Experiment
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Thomson’s Experiment
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Thomson found that the rays bent
toward a positively charged plate and
away from a negatively charged plate.
Thomson’s Experiment
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He knew that objects with like charges
repel each other, and objects with unlike
charges attract each other.
Thomson’s Experiment
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By adding an electric field he found that
the moving rays were negative.
Thomson’s Experiment
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J.J. Thomson concluded that cathode rays
are made up of invisible, negatively charged
particles referred to as electrons.
Cathode Ray Tube
Thomson’s Model
From Thomson’s
experiments,
scientists had to
conclude that atoms
were not just neutral
spheres, but
somehow were
composed of
electrically charged
particles.
Thomson’s Model
Sketch
Thomson’s
model of the
atom in your
notes.
Thomson’s Model
Matter is not negatively charged, so
atoms can’t be negatively charged
either.
If atoms contained extremely light,
negatively charged particles, then they
must also contain positively charged
particles — probably with a much
greater mass than electrons.
Thomson’s Model
J.J. Thomson said
the atom was like
plum pudding, a
popular English
dessert.
Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
R.A. Millikan found the charge of an
electron to be -1.60 x 10-19 Coulombs in
his famous oil drop experiment.
The Proton
In 1886, scientists discovered that a
cathode-ray tube emitted rays not only
from the cathode but also from the
positively charged anode.
Years later, scientists determined that
the rays were composed of positively
charged subatomic particles called
protons.
The Proton
At this point, it seemed that atoms were
made up of equal numbers of electrons
and protons.
Ernest Rutherford
In 1909, a team of scientists
led by Ernest Rutherford in
England carried out the first
of several important
experiments that revealed
an arrangement far different
from the plum pudding
model of the atom and
discovered the nucleus.
Rutherford’s Experiment
The experimenters set up a leadshielded box containing radioactive
polonium, which emitted a beam of
positively charged subatomic particles
through a small hole.
Rutherford’s Experiment
The sheet of gold foil was surrounded
by a screen coated with zinc sulfide,
which glows when struck by the
positively charged particles of the beam.
Lead
block
Polonium
Florescent
Screen
Gold Foil
What Rutherford Expected
The alpha particles to pass through
without changing direction very much.
Because he thought the mass was
evenly distributed in the atom,
the alpha particles
should go straight
through.
What Rutherford Observed
How Rutherford Explained It
To explain the results of the experiment,
Rutherford’s team proposed a new
model of the atom.
Because most of the particles
passed through the foil, they
concluded that the atom is
nearly all empty space.
How Rutherford Explained It
Alpha particles are deflected by the
nucleus if they get close enough it.
How Rutherford Explained It
Because so few particles were
deflected, they proposed that the atom
has a small, dense, positively charged
central core, called a nucleus.
Most of the atom’s mass is located in
the nucleus.
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Sketch Rutherford’s model of the atom
in your notes.
Isotopes
In 1910, J.J. Thomson discovered that
neon consisted of atoms of two different
masses.
Isotopes
Carbon-12 and
carbon-14 are
isotopes of one
another.
They are the
same element
with different
masses.
12
14
6
6
12
C
6
Isotopes
Atoms of an element that are chemically
alike but differ in mass are called
isotopes of the element.
Because of the discovery of isotopes,
scientists hypothesized that atoms
contained still a third type of particle that
explained these differences in mass.
The Neutron
Isotopes of an element differ in the
number of the subatomic particle called
neutrons.
The Neutron
Calculations showed that the neutron
should have a mass equal to that of a
proton but no electrical charge.
The existence of this neutral particle,
called a neutron, was confirmed in the
early 1930s.
James Chadwick is given credit for
discovering the neutron.
Naming Isotopes
Put the mass number after the symbol
of the element.
Carbon – 12.000000 amu
C-12
Carbon
– 14.003242 amu
C-14
Lead
– 209.98418 amu
Pb-210
Lead
– 211.99188 amu
Pb-212
Modern View of the Atom
The atom has two regions and is
3-dimensional.
The nucleus is at the center and
contains the protons and neutrons.
Modern View of the Atom
The electron
cloud is the
region where you
might find an
electron and
most of the
volume of an
atom.
Model of Atoms
Model of a Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen has _____
one proton, _____
one
zero neutrons.
electron and ______
Model of a Helium Atom
Helium has _____
two protons, _____
two
two neutrons.
electrons and _____
Model of a Boron Atom
5 p+
6 no
Boron has _____
five protons, _____
five
six neutrons.
electrons and _____
Model of a Carbon Atom
Carbon has _____
six protons, _____
six
six neutrons.
electrons and _____
Subatomic Particles
Name
Symbol Charge
Relative
mass
Electron
e-
-1
1/2000
Proton
p+
+1
1
Neutron
n0
0
1
Atomic Number
The atomic number (Z) of an element
is the number of protons in the nucleus
of an atom of that element.
The number of protons determines
identity of an element, as well as many
of its chemical and physical properties.
Atomic Number
Because atoms have no overall
electrical charge, an atom must have as
many electrons as there are protons in
its nucleus.
Therefore, the atomic number of an
element also tells the number of
electrons in a neutral atom of that
element.
Masses
The mass of a neutron is almost the
same as the mass of a proton.
The sum of the protons and neutrons in
the nucleus is the mass number (Z) of
that particular atom.
SYMBOLS
Isotopes
Remember, isotopes of an element have
different mass numbers because they
have different numbers of neutrons, but
they all have the same atomic number.
Isotopes
Subtract the atomic number from the
mass number to determine the number
of neutrons.
How many neutrons are in each lithium
isotope below?
4 neutrons
3
neutrons
5
neutrons
Information in the Periodic Table
The average atomic mass is the
weighted average mass of all the
naturally occurring isotopes of that
element.
Average Atomic Mass
You are NOT responsible for knowing
how to calculate average atomic mass,
although a detailed example follows.
Calculating Atomic Mass
Calculating Atomic Mass
Copper exists as a mixture of two
isotopes.
The lighter isotope (Cu-63), with 29
protons and 34 neutrons, makes up
69.17% of copper atoms.
The heavier isotope (Cu-65), with 29
protons and 36 neutrons, constitutes the
remaining 30.83% of copper atoms.
Calculating Atomic Mass
To determine the average atomic mass,
first calculate the contribution of each
isotope to the average atomic mass,
being sure to convert each percent to a
fractional abundance.
Calculating Atomic Mass
Mass contribution = mass of isotope x
abundance of isotope
For Cu-63:
Mass contribution = 62.930 amu x 0.6917 =
43.529 amu
For Cu-65:
Mass contribution = 64.928 amu x 0.3083 =
20.017 amu
Calculating Atomic Mass
The average atomic mass of the
element is the sum of the mass
contributions of each isotope.
Atomic mass Cu = mass contribution Cu-63 +
mass contribution Cu-65
Atomic mass Cu = 43.529 + 20.017 = 63.546 amu
SYMBOLS
Symbols Example
19
9
F
Determine the complete symbol for a
fluorine atom with a mass number of 19.
Symbols Example
Determine the following for the
fluorine atom depicted below.
a) number of protons (9)
19
b) number of neutrons (10)
c) number of electrons (9)
d) atomic number (9)
e) mass number (19)
F
9
Symbols Example
80
35
Br
Determine the complete symbol for a
bromine atom with a mass number of
80.
Symbols Problem
Determine the following for the
bromine atom depicted below.
a) number of protons (35)
80
b) number of neutrons (45)
c) number of electrons (35)
d) atomic number (35)
e) mass number (80)
Br
35
Symbols Problem
If an element has an atomic number
of 34 and a mass number of 78 what
is the
a) number of protons (34)
b) number of neutrons (44)
c) number of electrons (34)
d) complete symbol
78
34
Se
Symbols Problem
If an element has 91 protons and
140 neutrons what is the
a) atomic number (91)
b) mass number (231)
c) number of electrons (91)
d) complete symbol
231
91
Pa
Symbols Problem
If an element has 78 electrons and
117 neutrons what is the
a) atomic number (78)
b) mass number (195)
c) number of protons
d) complete symbol
(78)
195
78
Pt
Fill in the chart below.
Element
Potassium
Argon
# of
# of
# of
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Mass
#
Atomic
#
19
20
19
39
19
18
22
18
40
18
Fill in the chart below. (When numbers are
provided, the isotope represented by each
space may NOT be the most common
isotope or the one closest in atomic mass
to the value on the periodic table.)
Element
# of
# of
# of
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Mass
#
Atomic
#
Chlorine
Oxygen
17
20
17
37
17
8
10
8
18
8
End of Day 1