Transcript A.P. Biology Chapters 1 & 2

A.P. Biology Chapters 1 & 2
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• I. Life is organized on many
structural levels
• II. Each level of biological
organization has emergent
properties
• III. Cells are an organism's
basic units of structure and
function
• IV. The continuity of life is based
on heritable information in the
form of DNA
• V. A feeling for organisms
enriches the study of life
• VI. Structure and function are
correlated at all levels of
biological organization
• VII. Organisms are open systems
that interact continuously with
their environments
• VIII. Diversity and unity are the
dual faces of life on Earth
• IX. Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• X. Science as a process of inquiry
often involves hypotheticodeductive thinking
• XI. Science and technology are
functions of society
• XII. Biology is a multidisciplinary
adventure
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, the you should be able
to:
1.Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
2.Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
3.Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
4.Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
5.Distinguish between holism and reductionism.
6.Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the
formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
7.Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
8.Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function".
9.List and distinguish among the five kingdoms of life.
10.Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the
conceptual framework of biology.
11.Outline the scientific method.
12.Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
13.Explain how science and technology are interdependent.
Chapter 2
• I. Matter consists of chemical
elements in pure form and in
combinations called compounds
• II. Life requires about 25
chemical elements
• III. Atomic structure determines
the behavior of an element
•A. Subatomic Particles
•B. Atomic Number and Atomic
Weight
•C. Isotopes
•D. Energy Levels
•E. Electron Orbitals
•F. Electron Configuration and
Chemical Properties
•IV. Atoms combine by chemical
bonding to form molecules
•A. Covalent Bonds
•B. Ionic Bonds
•V. Weak chemical bonds play
important roles in the chemistry of
life
•A. Hydrogen Bonds
•VI. A molecule's biological function
is related to its shape
•VII. Chemical reactions change the
composition of matter
•VIII. Chemical conditions on the
early earth set the stage for the origin
and evolution of life
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, the student should be able to:
1.Define element and compound.
2.State four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter.
3.Describe the structure of an atom.
4.Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight and valence.
5.Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of neutrons.
6.Explain why radioisotopes are important to biologists.
7.Explain how electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of an atom.
8.Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds an atom might form.
9.Explain why the noble gases are so unreactive.
10.Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds.
11.Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
12.Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or
ionic bond.
13.Explain why weak bonds are important to living organisms.
14.Describe how the relative concentrations of reactants and products affect a chemical reaction.
15.Describe the chemical conditions on early Earth and explain how they were different from
today.