Transcript Chapter 5 Test Review Notes

Chapter 5 Test Review
Place these notes into your
Geology Notebook.
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a
definite composition.
The nucleus of an atom does not contain
electrons, but has protons and neutrons.
Atoms that have gained or lost an electron are
called ions.
The smallest part of an element that has all the
properties of that element is called an atom.
Lead has an electron configuration of 2,8,18,32,
18,4. How many protons does Lead have?
(82)
Cleavage, crystal shape, and hardness are
physical characteristics determined by the
arrangement of the atoms within a mineral.
The mineral calcite is a combination of calcium,
carbon, and oxygen. Calcite is an example of a
compound.
Most minerals as well as most substances, are
compounds.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when
atoms share electrons.
Covalent Bonds
Potassium has an atomic number of 19
and a mass number of 39. How many
neutrons does the most common
isotope of potassium have? (20)
An example of a native mineral is copper.
Diamond and graphite are different
structural forms of carbon.
Gold is an element because it cannot be
broken into simpler substances.
Magma is melted rock that is still
underground.
Lava is melted rock exposed to the air.
This is the melted rock that flows from a
volcanic source.
As magma cools, its atoms, molecules,
and ions tend to move around each
other in different ways, but remain
close.
Many different minerals can form from
one magma mass.
Amazing Earth.MP4
Amazing Earth.MP4
Metals form positive ions because they easily
lose electrons.
The descriptions conchoidal, splintery, and
irregular refer to types of fracture.
Silicates always contain oxygen.
Gold and diamond are not generally classified as
rock-forming minerals because neither is
common.
Which type of test is best used to
distinguish a nonmetallic mineral from a
metallic mineral?
• Fracture
• Acid test
• Specific density
• Streak because nonmetallic minerals
typically streak colorless or white and
metallic minerals typically streak a dark,
characteristic color.
Graph the following information.
Atomic Number
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
Carbon
6
Nitrogen
7
Oxygen
8
Fluorine
9
Neon
10
Atomic Mass
1
4
7
9
11
12
14
16
19
20
List the three main kinds of chemical bonds.
How are these types of bonds similar and how
are they different?
Similarities: Metallic, Ionic, and Covalent bonds.
– The way they use electron interactions to
bind atoms together in compounds.
Differences: The electrons act differently for
each type of bond: In covalent bonds,
electrons are shared by atoms. In Ionic
bonds, electrons are gained by one atom and
lost by the other. In metallic bonds, electrons
move around the nuclei in a cloud.
Many minerals have commercial uses.
Name two minerals, the mineral group
in which they belong, and their uses.
Quartz, a silicate, is used in heat lamps,
prisms, glass, and paints.
Mica, a silicate, is used in electronic
insulators, roofing material, and plastics.
Magnetite, an oxide, is used in making
magnets.