Transcript Notes 2: COL & biochemistry

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Notes 2: COL & biochemistry
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Key Questions
1. What are the 7 characteristics of living
things?
2. What is the structure of an atom?
3. What elements and molecules make up living
things?
4. What are the four main classes of organic
molecules?
II. Characteristics of Living Things
1. All living things are made of cells
• - Cells = the smallest unit to carry out life’s
processes
•
- “building blocks” of life
•
- unicellular = single cell
•
- multicellular = many cells
•
different cells perform different functions
II. Characteristics of Living Things
2. All living things reproduce
- all organisms produce new organisms
- sexual: 2 parents (genetically different from
parent)
- asexual: 1 parent (genetically identical to
parent)
II. Characteristics of Living Things
3. All living things use DNA as their hereditary
material
- offspring always resemble their parents
- DNA is the genetic code in ALL organisms
II. Characteristics of Living Things
4. All living things grow and develop.
- Growth = increase in size or # of cells
Ex: your bones get longer & you become taller
- Development = cells become different or
differentiate
Ex: caterpillar becomes a butterfly
http://youtu.be/_li2EEX1Rk8
II. Characteristics of Living Things
5. All living things require and energy source
(metabolism)
- metabolism = all the chemical reactions in
which an organism builds up or breaks
down materials
II. Characteristics of Living Things
6. All living things respond to their environment.
- stimulus: something that causes you to react
•
Ex: sunlight, heat
- response: reaction to a stimulus
http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion
/movements/tropism/tropisms.html
II. Characteristics of Living Things
7. All living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
• -homeostasis = the process in which
organisms keep internal conditions stable
Ex: sweat to keep a stable internal temperature
Levels of Living Things
1. Molecules
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organism
• http://www.youtube.com/embed/hhbqIJZ8wC
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ATOMS
Atom = the basic unit of
matter
3 Particles in an Atom
• Proton
• Electron
• Neutron
Neutrons Electrons
Protons &
Neutrons are
in the nucleus
Protons
Electrons constantly move
around the nucleus
Proton: Positive Charge
Electron: Negative Charge
Neutron: No Charge
Element = pure substance
made of only one type of
atom
Most organisms are made of
the following elements
-Nitrogen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
(NCHOPS)
The Periodic Table
• Each element is
represented by a symbol
Ex: H = Hydrogen
C = Carbon
Atomic # = # Protons
7
N
14.007
Atomic Mass = Protons +
Neutrons
Ex: Nitrogen (N)
Atomic # = 7 Atomic Mass = 14
# Protons =
7
# Electrons =
7
# Neutrons =
14 –7 = 7
•Atomic # = # Protons
• # Protons = # Electrons
• # Neutrons =
Atomic Mass – Atomic #
Chlorine
Atomic # = 17
Mass = 35
# Protons
# Electrons
# Neutrons
Atomic
Atoms have orbitals.
st
1
orbital holds 2 electrons
nd
2
orbital holds 8 electrons
rd
3
orbital holds 8 electrons
Nitrogen has 7 electrons
st
1
nd
2
=2E
=5E
2+5=7
7P
7N
compound = a substance
formed by the chemical
combination of 2 or more
elements
Ex. Sugar
2 Types of bonds
1. Covalent bond: a bond in
which electrons are shared
between 2 atoms
Ex: H2O
2. Ionic bond: atoms transfer
electrons
ion = an atom that gains or
loses electrons
Ex: NaCl Na+ Cl-
VI. Living things are made of two main
types of molecules.
1. Water
2. Organic (Carbon) molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids