Transcript Document

Copyright Sautter 2003
SPACITAL ORIENTATION OF ORBITALS IS
DESIGNATED BY SUBSCRIPTS FOR THE
p, d ORBITALS AND f ORBITALS. S ORBITALS
REQUIRE NO DESIGNATION SINCE THERE
IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE S ORBITAL.
p ORBITALS OCCUR IN THREES, d ORBITALS
IN FIVES AND f ORBITALS IN SEVENS.
THEREFORE IN THE CASES OF p, d AND f
ORBITALS EACH ONE REQUIRES SPECIFIC
IDENTIFICATION IN ORDER TO DIFFERENTIATE
ONE ORBITAL OF THE SAME TYPE FROM
ANOTHER.
S ORBITAL
SHAPE
1S
P ORBITAL
SHAPES
PX
PZ
PY
D ORBITAL
SHAPES
dx2-y2
dxz
dz2
dyz
dxz
TYPES OF HYBRID ORBITALS & BONDS
S ORBITAL OVERLAP
SP BONDING
SP2 BONDING
SP3 BONDING
LONE PAIR ELECTRONS
MULTIPLE BONDS (DOUBLE & TRIPLE)
SIGMA BONDS
PI BONDS
WHEN TWO HYDROGEN ATOM COMBINE TO FORM
H2 THE 1S ATOMIC ORBITALS OVERLAP EACHOTHER.
THIS OVERLAP OF ATOMIC ORBITALS GIVES A NEW
COMMON ORBITAL SPACE WHERE A PAIR OF BONDING
ELECTRONS CAN RESIDE. THE GREATER THE OVERLAP
THE STRONGER THE BOND BETWEEN THE ATOMS
AND THE ATOMS MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER. A SHORTER
BOND LENGTH AND GREATER BOND ENERGY RESULTS.
1S
1S
H
H
1S ORBITAL
OVERLAP
IN H2
SP3 HYBRID
ORBITALS IN
CH4
LONE
ELECTRONS
PAIRS
SP3 HYBRID
ORBITALS IN
H2O
END TO END OVERLAP OF HYBRID
ORBITALS YIELDS SIGMA BONDS.
( = SIGMA BONDING)
SIGMA
BOND
SP3 HYBRID
ORBITALS IN
C2H6
SIDEWAYS OVERLAP OF HYBRID
ORBITALS IN THE FORMATION OF
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS YIELDS
PI BONDS. THE PRIMARY BOND IN A
MULTIPLE BOND IS A SIGMA BOND AND
THE SECONDARY BONDING IS
PI BONDING. ( = PI BONDING)
PI BOND
SP2 HYBRID
ORBITALS IN
C2H4
SIGMA
BOND
PI BOND
PI BOND
SP HYBRID
ORBITALS IN
C2H2
SIGMA
BOND