Transcript Orbits and Orbitals

Orbits and Orbitals
Basic Bohr to
Quantum Orbitals
KLM to spdf
KLM and spdf???
• KLM – Bohr style / old style lettering for
the “shells” or “orbits”. K is closest to the
nucleus, L is next, M (N,O,P etc)
• Now we know that KLM is “really” the
“Principle Quantum Number” 1,2,3 for the
energy levels
• spdf – refers to the shape of the “orbital” –
A short deBroglie diversion
More rules
• No orbital can have more than 2 e- in it.
(one spin up, one spin down)
• Orbitals are half filled (with spins in the
same direction) before they are doubly
filled.
• Orbitals are filled from lowest energy to
highest energy.
Confusing?
• OK
• “Quantum Numbers” are the way we can
describe locations where electrons can be
found.
• The “Principle Quantum Number” – n – is
the same as the old shells, and is the
same as the number of the Period on the
table.
n, l, m, s
• n = energy level (old shell / Bohr model)
• l = angular momentum => shape
–
–
s = 0 , p = 1, d = 2, f = 3
l≤n-1
• m = magnetic quantum number =>
orientation
–
-l ≤ m ≤ +l
• s = spin ( +½, -½ or: up, down)
That didn’t Help!!!
• In the 1st level – Only an s orbital with
2electrons
• In the 2nd level, an s orbital with 2
electrons and a p orbital with 6 electrons
• OK, pictures are easier
S Orbital – Spherical
Only 1 S orbital per level, 2 e-
P orbital – Perpendicular 3 orbitals, 2e- each
D Orbitals – “double dumbbells”
5 orbitals, 2e- each, 10e- total
F orbital – “dead spiders”
7 orbitals – 2e- in each – 14 total
*late breaking info – the above is correct, however since I went to school, a new shape –
the one in the middle, has been added
Now, How do you Fill Them
• You fill the orbitals from the lowest energy
on up – Half filling them first, (with spins
the same) then doubly filling them
Aufbau principle
1s
*we haven’t needed these yet
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f 5g*
6s 6p 6d 6f*6g*6h*
7s 7p
Some practice – Some Questions
• Look up the Atomic number, and then
determine (not look up) the electron orbital
configuration.
• H
He
• O
K
• Ca
Cr
• U
Ag
• Au
Pt
Compare your configuration for Cr, Ag, Au
and Pt with the “official” one.
Are they the same? If not, why are they
different?
Noble Gas Configuration
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6
4s2 3d10 4p6
5s2 4d10 5p6
6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6
7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Uuo
Olympicene
Pentacene
5 linked carbon rings with hydrogens
Fullerenes
Magic Numbers
2 – 8 – 8 – 18 -18
2 – 6 – 10 – 14 (1,3,5,7)
electronegativity
Disclaimer
Aloha
I put together these power points for use in
my science classes.
You may use them in your classes.
Some images are public domain, some
are used under the fair-use provisions of
the copyright law, some are mine.
Copyright is retained by the owners!
Ted Brattstrom