Transcript Biochemistry Teacher Notes

Why Study Chemistry in A&P Class?
•Body functions depend on cellular functions
•Cellular functions result from chemical changes
•Chemistry explains physiological processes; and helps to
develop new drugs and medicine
Structure of Matter
Matter = anything takes up space & has weight; elements
Elements= composed of chemically identical atoms
Bulk elements  requires by body in large amounts
Trace Elements  requires by body in small amounts
Atoms= smallest part of an element
Atomic Structure
Protons carry a +1 charge, mass of 1 AMU
Neutrons carry a 0 charge; mass of 1AMU
Electrons  carry a –1charge; mass of 0 AMU
Nucleus  consists of protons and neutrons; central part of the atom
Electrons  move around the nucleus
Atomic Structure
Atomic Number = # of protons in atom; each element has a unique atomic
number
Atomic Mass = protons + neutrons
Isotopes atoms with same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons
What changes?
Ion  an atom that gains or loses electrons. What changes?
Periodic Table of the Elements
Molecules
Particles formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine
Molecular formula= C6H12O6= Glucose
Norepinephrine- A neurotransmitter
found in the brain
Why Atoms Form Bonds
2 or more elements = compound
1st 20 elements have up to 3 energy levels/ 2 electrons on 1st
level, up to 8 on 2nd level, and 8 on the 3rd level
Most elements want to have 8 electrons in outer shell
Atoms will share or steal to get 8 electrons in outer shell
Sharing electrons covalent bonds
Stealing electrons ionic bonds
Polar Molecules & Hydrogen Bonds
•Molecule with a slightly positive end and slightly negative end
•Results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds
•Water is the most important polar molecule
Hydrogen Bond attraction between hydrogen (+) and
nitrogen, oxygen, halogens
*** Why water is polar diagram
Chemical Reactions
•Chemical reactions occur when bonds form or break
among atoms, ions, or molecules
•Reactants are substances being changes in reaction
•Products are formed at the end of a chemical reaction
•A + B  AB
H2 + Cl2 --> 2 HCl
Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis Reaction chemical bonds are formed (A+ B  AB)
Decomposition Reaction bonds are broken (AB A+B)
Exchange Reaction  chemical bonds are broken and reformed
(AB + CD  AD + CB)
Reversible Reaction The products can change back to the reactants
(A+B  AB)
Synthesis Reaction
Acids and Bases
Electrolytes substances that release ions
Acids  electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in
water
Bases  Substances that can release ions that
combine (or absorb) hydrogen ions
pH scale
0-6.9= acidic
7 = neutral
7.1-14 = basic
Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic Molecules
•Contain C and H
•Large
•Dissolve in water
•Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Inorganic Molecules
•No Carbon
•Small
•Dissolve in water
•Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
Inorganic Examples
Water
•Most abundant compound in living material
•2/3 body weight
•Major composition of fluids
•Important in metabolism and transport
Oxygen
Used for energy release from nutrients
CO2
Waste product of metabolism
Must be removed from body
Salts
Abundant in body fluids
Sources of necessary ions
Important in metabolism; nervous response
Organic Examples
Carbohydrates
•provide energy to cells
•help build cell structures
•monosacharides= glucose + fructose
•disaccharides = sucrose + lactose
•polysaccharides = glycogen + cellulose
Glucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate
Lipids
Fats (triglycerides)
Used for energy
Long chain molecules
Triglyceride = 3 FA’s + glycerol
Saturated= not easily broken down (all single bonds)
Unsaturated= easily broken down (double bonds)
Phospholipids are essential to cell membrane
Steroids = connected rings of carbon used to make cholesterol
+ hormones
The Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
THE structural material of the body!
Hormones
Receptors
Enzymes
Made from Amino Acids (connected via peptide bonds)
Collagen
Hemoglobin
Keratin-The Protein of
Hair and Fingernails
Hemoglobin = Transport Protein
Nucleic Acids
Make our genes
Instruct body which proteins to make
Made from nucleotides
DNA + RNA
Hormones-Made from Proteins or Lipids
Hormones are produced by endocrine glands, which are found
throughout the body
Protein Hormones
Circulate through blood; bind to specific receptor on cell
membrane
This binding turns on an enzyme (called the 1st messenger) that
makes cAMP (2nd messenger)
cAMP then activates other enzymes in the cell
Steroid Hormones
Steroid is small enough to penetrate plasma membrane
Steroid binds to a receptor inside the cell.
Both the hormone and receptor enter the nucleus of the cell
Hormone/receptor complex turn on genes in cellular DNA to make
proteins
Protein Hormones
Secondary Messenger Animation I
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_v
iew0/chapter17/animation__second
_messenger__camp.html
Secondary Messenger Animation II
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERxWCGPnotM
Lipid Hormones
Common Endocrine Glands & Hormones
Some Common Endocrine Glands And Their Hormones
Endocrine Gland
Hormone Released
Where is it going?
What is it doing?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
release/inhibiting
hormone
Pituitary Gland
Regulated pituitary
hormones
Pituitary
ADH, Vasopressin
GH
TSH
Gonadotropins
Kidneys
Bones
Thyroid
Gonads
Water reabsorption
Stimulates growth
Regulates metabolism
Gamete Formation
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine &
Norepinephrine
Blood, Heart
Fight or Flight
Adrenal Cortex
Sex Hormones
Sex Organs/Skin
Sex Characteristics
Pancreas
Insulin
Liver, Muscles
Lowers blood
Glucose/forms glycogen
Gonads
Androgens
Sex organs
Gamete formation
Thymus
Thymosins
T Lymphocytes
Maturation of T
Lymphocytes