Transcript The Kyoto Protocol

DSMHT 403: Climate Modelling and
Adaptation
Lecture-11: International treaties,
negotiations and Bangladesh position
Professor A.K.M. Saiful Islam
Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
January, 2016
Outlines
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Responsibility
UNFCCC
Kyoto Protocol (COP1 to COP7)
IPCC
The Bali Action Plan (COP 13)
The Copenhagen Accord (COP15)
The Cancun Agreements (COP16)
Durban Conference (COP 17)
Paris Agreement in 2016 (COP 21)
Who is responsible ?
Emission of Green house gases
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Emission of Co2 Bangladesh < 0.2 ton/yr
Global Emission
UNFCC and COP
The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
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UNFCCC has establish in 1994 to set an overall
framework for global efforts to tackle the
challenge posed by climate change.
UNFCCC recognizes that the climate system is
a shared resource whose stability can be
affected by industrial and other emissions of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
Currently, there are 195 Parties (194 States
and 1 regional economic integration
organization) to the Convention.
The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
Governments are required to:
 gather and share information on greenhouse
gas emissions, national policies and best
practices
 launch national strategies for addressing
greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to
expected impacts, including the provision of
financial and technological support to
developing countries
 cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the
impacts of climate change.
COP
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Since the UNFCCC entered into force in 1995, the
Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC have
been meeting annually to assess progress in dealing
with climate change.
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The COP adopts decisions and resolutions, published in
reports of the COP. Successive decisions taken by the
COP make up a detailed set of rules for practical and
effective implementation of the Convention.
Kyoto Protocol
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
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The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made
under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). Countries that ratify this
protocol commit to reduce their emissions
of carbon dioxide and five other
greenhouse gases, or engage in
emissions trading if they maintain or
increase emissions of these gases to a
5.37% less than 1999.
A Brief History of the Events
Leading to the Kyoto Protocol
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COP 1, in March of
1995, saw the
passage of the Berlin
Mandate, which
called for new
negotiations on more
detailed commitments
for industrialized
countries under the
UNFCCC.
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On December 11,
1997 the Kyoto
Protocol was officially
adopted at COP 3 in
Kyoto Japan.
In 1998 a new round
of negotiations on
Kyoto were launched
at COP 4 in Buenos
Aires.
History (cont.)
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Negotiations on the
rules of implementing
the Kyoto Protocol
resumed during COP
6 in Bonn, Germany,
July 2001.
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Building on the Bonn
Agreements
negotiators at COP 7
(Marrakech, Morocco,
October 2001)
adopted a
comprehensive
package of decisions
known as the
Marrakech Accords.
The Kyoto Protocol
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The Kyoto Protocol is an international
agreement linked to the UNFCCC.
It sets binding targets for 37 industrialised
countries and the European Union for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.
Using the emissions inventory for the year 1990
as a basis, reductions amounting to an average
of 5% over the five-year period 2008-2012 is
expected.
The major difference between the Protocol and
the UNFCCC is that while the UNFCCC
encourages industrialised countries to stabilise
greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s), the
Protocol commits them to do so.
The Kyoto Protocol
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The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto,
Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into
force on 16 February 2005.
The commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
ends in 2012
A new international framework needs to have
been negotiated and ratified that can deliver the
stringent emission reductions as recommended
by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC).
The basis for this is expected to happen in COP
17- CMP 7.
Kyoto Protocol:
4 Main Elements
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The Kyoto Protocol and its rulebook, set out
in the Marrakech Accords, consist of five
main elements:
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1. Commitments
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A. Specific emissions commitments
B. General commitments
2. Implementation
A. Domestic policies and measures
B. Land use, land-use change and forestry sector
C. Joint implementation
D. Clean development mechanism
E. Emissions trading
Commitments: Specific
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At the real heart of the Kyoto Protocol lies
its set of legally-binding emissions
targets for industrialized countries. These
emissions targets amount to a total cut,
among all Annex I Parties, of at least 5%
from 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
Commitments: Specific
The collective 5% reduction is shared out
so that each Annex I Party has its own
individual emissions target.
 However, all individual emissions targets
must be achieved by the same
commitment period of 2008-2012.
 *All individual targets are listed in Annex B
of the Protocol.
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KYOTO PROTOCOL PARTIES
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ANNEX 1 Countries:
 Developed
countries
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Non- ANNEX 1
Countries:
 Non
Developed
countries
Kyoto Protocol -Country Targets
Country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
European Community
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
% of base
108
92
92
92
94
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
94
110
Country
Italy
Japan
Lithuania
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
% of base
92
94
92
92
100
101
94
92
92
100
92
92
92
100
92
93
Commitments: Specific
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If a Party achieves more substantial cuts in its
emissions than is required by its target it may
carry over the difference to the next commitment
period
In addition, Parties may offset their emissions by
increasing the amount of greenhouse gases
removed from the atmosphere by carbon sinks
in the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and
Forestry sector (LULUCF).
Flexibility Mechanisms
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The Kyoto Protocol defines three innovative “flexibility
mechanisms” to lower the overall costs of achieving
its emissions targets.
These mechanisms enable Parties to access costeffective opportunities to reduce emissions or to
remove carbon from the atmosphere in other
countries.
While the cost of limiting emissions varies
considerably from region to region, the benefit for the
atmosphere is the same, wherever the action is
taken.
Under this system, the amount to which an Annex I
Party must reduce its emissions over the five year
commitment period (“assigned amount”) is divided
into units each equal to one ton of carbon dioxide
equivalent.
Kyoto mechanisms are:
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CDM: Clean Development Mechanism.- provides
for Annex I Parties to implement projects that reduce
emissions in non-Annex I Parties, or absorb carbon
through afforestation or reforestation activities, in
return for certified emission reductions (CERs, tCERs
and lCERs) and assist the host Parties in achieving
sustainable development and contributing to the
ultimate objective of the Convention.
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JI: Joint Implementation.- an Annex I Party may
implement an emission-reducing project or a project
that enhances removals by sinks in the territory of
another Annex I Party (with a commitment inscribed
in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol) and count the
resulting emission reduction units (ERUs) towards
meeting its own Kyoto target.
The clean development
mechanism (CDM)
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Provides for Annex I Parties to implement
project activities that reduce emissions in nonAnnex I Parties, in return for certified emission
reductions (CERs).
The CERs generated by such project activities
can be used by Annex I Parties to help meet
their emissions targets under the Kyoto
Protocol.
Such project activities are to assist the
developing country host Parties in achieving
sustainable development and in contributing to
the ultimate objective of the Convention.
U.S. Response to the Kyoto
Protocol
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The U.S. is the world’s single-largest source of
CO2 emissions, accounting for 36% in 1990.
As such, U.S. ratification would clearly push the
Kyoto thermometer above the 55% threshold
and thus, bring the Protocol into force.
However, in March of 2001 President George W.
Bush steadfastly rejected the Kyoto Protocol
citing the “fact” that, “[T]he Kyoto treaty would
severely damage the United States’
economy…”6
US State Initiatives
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As of January 18, 2007, eight Northeastern US
states are involved in the Regional Greenhouse
Gas Initiative (RGGI) which is a state level
emissions capping and trading program.
It is believed that the state-level program will
indirectly apply pressure on the federal
government by demonstrating that reductions
can be achieved without being a signatory of the
Kyoto Protocol.
Participating states: Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, Massachusetts.
The California Legislature reached an
agreement to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas
emissions, which rank at 12th-largest in the
world, by 25 percent by the year 2020.
IPCC
The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC)
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IPCC was established in 1988 by the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
IPCC provides the world with a clear scientific
view on the current state of knowledge in climate
change and its potential environmental and
socio-economic impacts.
As an intergovernmental body the IPCC is open
to all member countries of the United Nations
and WMO.
COP (Copenhagen to Durban)
Towards a new agreement
in 2012
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Kyoto Protocol reaches its sell by date in
2012.
Processes have been taking place to
replace it with a new binding agreement.
In 2007, The Bali Action Plan sought such
an agreement.
COP 15 which took place in Copenhagen
called for a new deal but could only come up
with the Copenhagen Accord.
COP 16 which took place in Mexico in 2010
resulted in the CANCUN AGREEMENTS.
It is up to South Africa to ensure that a solid
agreement is to happen in 2012.
The Bali Action Plan
(5 point plan)
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The Bali Action Plan was agreed upon at COP 13 in
December, in Bali, Indonesia.
It calls for the full, effective and sustained
implementation of the UNFCCC through long-term
cooperative action up to and beyond 2012 by
addressing :
A shared vision for long-term cooperative action,
including a long-term global goal for emission
reductions.
Enhanced national/international action on mitigation of
climate change.
Enhanced action on adaptation.
Enhanced action on technology development and
transfer to support action on mitigation and adaptation.
Enhanced action on the provision of financial resources
and investment to support action on mitigation and
adaptation and technology cooperation.
The Copenhagen Accord
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The 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15)
to the UNFCCC took place in Denmark in the city of
Copenhagen.
COP 15 noted the Copenhagen Accord at the final
plenary on 18 December 2009.
Countries had to pledge their CO2 emission reductions.
The Accord is not legally binding and does not commit
countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto
Protocol.
An assessment of the implementation of this Accord is to
be completed by 2015.
The Cancun Agreements
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COP 16 was held in Cancún, Mexico in 2010
Arising thereof the Cancun Agreements were adopted.
The Cancun Agreements are a set of significant
decisions:
The international community agreed to address the
long-term challenge of climate change collectively and
comprehensively over time and to take concrete action
now to speed up the global response.
The agreements represent key steps forward in
capturing plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and to help developing nations protect themselves
from climate impacts and build their own sustainable
futures.
COP 17
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Conference of Parties (COP) refers to the States
that have signed on to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
The parties have been meeting annually in
Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess
progress in dealing with climate change since
1995.
COP 17 is therefore the 17th Conference that will
take place at the end of this year (2011).
The COP 17- CMP 7 will mark a critical moment in
the ongoing international climate change
negotiations.
CMP 7 means the seventh meeting of the Parties
since the Kyoto Protocol was signed.
COP 17 : 2011 United Nations Climate
Change Conference
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The 2011 United Nations Climate Change
Conference will be held in Durban, South Africa,
from 28 November to 9 December 2011.
Officially it is referred to as the 17th session of
the Conference of the Parties (COP 17) to the
UNFCCC.
It is also the 7th session of the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
(CMP 7) to the Kyoto Protocol.
In addition, the two permanent subsidiary bodies
of the UNFCCC – the Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)
and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation
(SBI) – are likely to hold their 35th sessions.
The 11th Hour has arrived.
We cannot allow the Kyoto Protocol to die here.
Christina Figueres (Head :UNFCCC) maintains that it is
important to resolve the future of the Kyoto Protocol
which is fundamental and critical for at least two
reasons:
1) It contains the key rules to quantify monitor the
mitigation efforts of countries.
2) It also contains important market based mechanisms
that allows those countries to reach their mitigation
levels in a cost effective manner.
Towards a new agreement in
2012:
Taking meaningful climate action is about
seizing the opportunity –
 to build international competitiveness,
 new economic infrastructure, sectors and
activity;
 create prosperity and jobs;
 transform our economy and society;
reduce poverty;
 improve health and quality of life for all.
Bangladesh Position
Mitigation: Bangladesh Position
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Emphasizing a legally-binding mid term and long term
emission reduction targets by Annex I Parties with 40% by
2020 and 85% by 2050 below 1990 levels.
Based on IPCC AR4, global emission reduction efforts
must ensure at least 25-40% below 1990 levels by 2020
for Annex I and significantly below business as usual
(BAU) emissions in 2020 for the non-Annex I countries as
a group.
NAMA Registry should be web based and supported by
developed countries
Registry should not become a prior requirement or
bottleneck to access funding, including from the GCF.
Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
Mitigation: Bangladesh Position cont…
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Loopholes in LULUCF and market-based mechanisms that
degrade reduction targets need to be excluded.
The global goals and limits must include emissions from
international shipping and aviation
A legally binding agreement that is fair, effective,
comprehensive and robust ensuring global environmental
integrity
Durban should launch a clear roadmap with reasonable
timeframe agreed by Parties towards reaching a legally
binding agreement.
Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
Adaptation: Bangladesh position
Adaptation
Committee for Macro
Management
Priority should be country driven
GCF or other financial entities will
allocate resources for project
implementation
Linkages with funding mechanism and
technology
Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
Adaptation: Bangladesh position
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Finalization of adaptation text in Durban and
operationalization adaptation activities
Member from LDCs in Adaptation Committee
Adaptation Committee must be under COP, not
under SBI
Balanced allocation for Adaptation and Mitigation
Ugent and immediate fund for NAPA, NAP and
BCCSAP implementation
Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
AWG-KP: Bangladesh position
Five year 2nd commitment period of KP
after 2012
 Strong political decision is critical
 Finalization and adoption of legally binding
agreement ASAP
 No more flexible mechanism for parties
those are not in favor of KP 2nd cp
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Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
Technology: Bangladesh position
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Operationalization of CTC and Networks at Durban
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Country driven priority for technology access and
transfer
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Technology access, transfer and capacity building must
be supported
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Emphasis on both adaptation and mitigation technology
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Linkages of technology with finance
Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
Finance: Bangladesh position
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Transparency on Fast Start Fund with urgent and
immediate fund release
Operationalization of GCF in Durban
A clear work plan on pledged of Annex I from post 2012
and up to 2020 for approval by COP 17
Direct access of fund by LDCs through national funding
mechanism i.e. BCCTF and BCCRF
Balanced allocation for adaptation and mitigation
Urgent and immediate fund for NAPA and BCCSAP
implementation
Source of information: Dr. Monjurul Hannan, Deputy Sec., MoEF
Thank you