Transcript 8º LDA

Horizontal study on ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Policies:
Challenges and Opportunities
for Portugal
“MASTER EQUATION”
Environmental Impact =
Population * GDP/ Person *
Environmental Impact/unit of GDP
Technology Innovation--> Eco-efficiency factor*
* 15-50, Maxson and Vonkeman (1997)
Engineering and Technology
A View for a Prospective Study
Goals
Normal
Practice
Stage
Metrics
Are Important
Practices
Measurement
Decision
Multidisciplinarity
Social
Environmental
Economical
ET 2000
Paradigm
Change
Stage
New Vision
New Concepts
New Norms
Metaphors
Are Important
Organization of the Study
Normal
Environmental
Practice
policy
Stage
analysis
Multidisciplinarity
Social
Environmental
Economical
ET 2000
Metrics
Are Important
Environmental
Indicators
Paradigm
Change
Stage
Heavy
Trends
Metaphors
Are Important
New scientific framework
Historical Pattern of
Environmental Strategies
• Business-as-usual
Conventional • Compliance with regulations
• Pollution prevention
• Eco-efficiency
More
systemsoriented
Sustainable • Design for the Environment (DFE)
• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
• Industrial Ecology
Industrial Ecology:
Nature’s Sustainable Paradigm
• Mimics the development of sustainable ecosystems.
•
•
•
•
Cycling material stocks
Cascading energy utilization
Dynamically stable to perturbations
Approaches a “thermodynamic” steady-state
• Entropy-minimizing
• Interdependent and highly organized
• Balance between humans and the rest of nature.
• Bounds to growth (carrying capacity)
• Deliberate approach towards sustainable levels of
human activity.
Primitive stage,
evolving system
Organism
Unlimited
Resources
(Ecosystem
Component)
Unlimited
Waste Sinks
Early stage,
evolving ecosystem
Ecosystem
Component
Limited
Wastes
Energy &
Limited
Resources
Ecosystem
Component
Ecosystem
Component
Emergent,
sustainable ecosystem
Ecosystem
Component
Energy
Ecosystem
Component
Ecosystem
Component
Industrial ecological system
Energy
Materials
Processor
Waste
Other
Subsystems
Manufacturer
Consumer
Other
Subsystems
Environmental policy
Environmental
policy
analysis
Environmental policy
• At an European level:
• 5th framework programme for environment
• Agenda 2000
• At a National level:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lei de bases do ambiente
Plano nacional da política de ambiente
Portugal: uma visão estratégica para vencer o século XXI (MEPAT)
PESGRI (Plano estrat. de resíduos industriais)
PERSU (Plano estrat. de resíduos sólidos urbanos)
PERAGRI (Plano estrat. de resíduos agrícolas)
The State of the Environment
Environmental
Indicators
Heavy
Trends
Environmental questions
EEA
OCDE
Portugal
Greenhouse gases
Climate change
Ar e clima
Dispersion of hazardous
substances
Transboundary air pollution
Air quality
Ar e clima
Ozone-depleting substances
Ozone layer depletion
Water stresses
Dispersion of hazardous
substances
Water quality
Water resources
Aguas interiores Ambientes
marinhos e costeiros
Soil degradation
Forest resources
Solos
Waste generation and
management
Waste
Resíduos
Natural and technological
hazards
Change and loss of
biodiversity
Genetically modified
organisms
Riscos naturais e tecnológicos
Biodiversity
Biodiversidade e florestas
Greenhouse Gases
and Climate Change
• Global and European annual mean air temperatures have
increased by 0.3-0.6°C since 1900.
• If further temperature increases are to be limited to 1.5°C by
2100 and to 0.1°C per decade, and sea levels are to rise no
more than 2 cm per decade, industrialised countries need to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 percent
between 1990 and 2010.
Greenhouse Gases
and Climate Change
• Kyoto Protocol to Convention on Climate Change
targets:
Country
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Target (%)
-13.0
-7.0
-21.0
0
0
-21.0
25.0
13.0
Country
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU Total
Target (%)
-6.5
-28.0
-6.0
27.0
15.0
4.0
-12.5
-8.0
Greenhouse Gases
and Climate Change
CO2 Emission Intensities per unit of
GDP - Trends (index 1980 = 100)
140
Portugal
Sweden
USA
Norway
Italy
Spain
Ireland
120
100
80
60
40
1980
1985
1990
1995
Greenhouse Gases
and Climate Change
CO2 emissions per sector in Portugal
Other
Agriculture
Transport
Industry
Energy
40
30
20
10
0
19
85
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
Million tonne
50
Year
Greenhouse Gases
and Climate Change
Politics
Building
Materials
Environment
Energy
Food
Production
Metalworks
Eventual
implementation
of an
energy/CO2 tax
Improvment
of energy
eficiency in
the
production
of concrete
Reduction of
CO2 and CH4
emissions
from waste
disposal
Low carbon
intensity
energy
production
Lower use of
fertilization
Modification
of processe in
aluminum
industry for
lower PFC
emissions
Composting of
organic waste
Reduction of
landfilling of
organic waste
Control of CH4
emissions
from landfill
Renewable
energies
(water, wind,
biomass)
Increaing use
of cogeneration
Control of CH4
emissions
from animal
manure
Greenhouse Gases
and Climate Change
Automobile
Transportation
and distribution
Engineering
Services
Improved
energy
efficiency
Improve
catalytic
converter
technology to
reduce
emissions of
N2O
Better public
transportation
services
Transportation
Energy
management,
with emphasis
to buildings
Table of Contents ?
•1
Introduction
•2
Industrial Ecology
•3
Elements of environmental policy
•4
Environmental appraisal at an international level
• 4.1
• 4.2
Environmental indicators
Heavy trends
•5
Sector questionnaires
•6
The state of environment in Portugal
•7
• 6.1
• 6.2
Global analysis
Sectors analysis
Definition of strategies for the future
Ozone layer destruction
• UV global trends are estimated to increase by 3-4% per
decade in northern hemisphere midlatitudes and 3-9% in
southern hemisphere midlatitudes.
• The ozone layer can start recovering, but full recovery will
take another 50 years if emissions of ozone depleting
substances were zero in 1999, the earliest recovery year
physically possible is 2033.
Ozone layer destruction
• Ozone Depleting Potentials (ODP)
Compound
ODP
Compound
ODP
CFC-11
1.0
HCFC-123
0.012
CFC-12
0.82
HCFC-124
0.026
CFC-113
0.90
HCFC-141b
0.086
CFC-114
0.85
HCFC-142b
0.043
CFC-115
0.40
HCFC-225ca
0.017
Halon 1301
12
HCFC-225cb
0.017
Halon 1211
5.1
CH3Br
0.37
Halon 2402
6.0
CH3Cl
0.02
CCl4
1.20
CH2ClBr
0.15
CHCCl3
0.12
CH2BrCH2CH3
0.026
HCFC-22
0.034
HFCs
<0.0005
Ozone layer destruction
• Schedules :
Compound
Year
Montreal Protocol
Halons
1994
100% phase out
CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, methyl
cloroform
1996
100% phase-out
HBFCs
1996
100% phase-out
HCFCs
1996
freeze on calculation consumption at 2.8% of CFC consumption
in 1989 plus total HCFC consumption in 1989
2004
35% reduction from above freeze limit
2010
65% reduction
2015
90% reduction
2020
Phase out with a 0.5% tail until 2030 to service existing
equipment
1995
Freeze on production and consumption at 1991 levels
1999
25% reduction from above freeze limit
2001
50% reduction from above freeze limit
2003
70% reduction
2005
100% phase-out
Methyl bromide
Ozone layer destruction
• Main challenges for portuguese sectors:
Environment
Energy
Chemicals
Information
systems
Recovery
and adequate
disposal of
compounds
that deplete
ozone layer
in used
consumer
goods
Low biomass
burning
Find
substituts of
HCFCs and
HFCs
Control of
CFCs
smuggling
Air Quality
• Emissions to air may lead to 4 principal problems:
• Acidification: SO2, NOX, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs);
• Trophosferic ozone: VOCs, NOx;
• Bioaccumulation: Heavy Metals, Persistent Organic Poluents (POP);
• Eutrofization: NOx, NH3;
Air Quality
• Main sectors involved:
• SO2 : Energy (use of fossil fuels);
• NOx : Transport;
• NH3 : Agriculture;
• Non methane VOCs (NMVOCs) : Agriculture and Transport;
• Heavy Metals : Industry (Metalwork);
• POP : Industry;
Air Quality
• Major trends:
Poluent emissions to air in Portugal
450000
Tonne
400000
SO2
NOx
NMVOCs
350000
300000
250000
200000
1990
1992
Year
1994
Air Quality
Tonne
NMVOCs emissions in Portugal
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
Other
Waste
Agriculture
Transport
Industry
Energy
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Year
Air Quality
• Challenges for portuguese sectors
Building Materials
Environment
Energy
Food Production
Metalworks
Reduction of
heavy metals
emissions
Better control of
emissions of
heavy metals
from incineration
and coincineration
Use of
combustible with
lower heavy
metals content
Better control of
COV and NH3
emissions
Better control of
heavy metals and
POP
Reduction of
emissions of POP
in the treatement
of wood
Recuperation of
heavy metals
and clorine from
waste
Reduction of the
sulfur content in
fuels
Higher control of
SO2 emissions
Better efficiency
in the production
of energy
Air Quality
Automobile
Chemicals
Transport and
Distribution
Information
Systems
Engineering
Services
Better fuel use
efficiency
Control of
emissions from
the cloro-alkali
process
Improvement of
the public
transportation
services
Monitorization of
air quality
Dispersion
modelling
Reduction of the
chlorine and heavy
metals in plastics
Better efficiency in
fuel use
Reduction of
aeroplane
emissions
Water stresses
• Water abstraction:
• Portugal abstracts 12% of the water resource, but approximately half
of this value is consumed.
• The major use of water is for irrigation:
Water abstractions per sector in
Portugal
Million m3
8000
6000
Urban
Industry
Cooling
Agriculture
4000
2000
0
1990
1995
Year
Water stresses
• Water contamination, that concerns mainly:
• organic matter and phosphorus pollution, which is decreasing in
Europe, particularly in the last case, due to the reduction of
phosphate content in detergents; a major source is Industry.
• nitrate pollution from Agriculture, a problem of particular
concern to drink water;
Water stresses
• Main challenges for portuguese sectors
Environment
Food Production
Metalwork
Use of waste water
treatment with
nutrients removal
(tertiary treatment)
Increase in
efficiency in
water use in
Agriculture
Better efficiency
Increase in
efficiency in water in water use
use
Reuse of water
Recuperation of
heavy metals from
waste water
treatment sludge
Reuse water
from other
sectors in
Agriculture
Chemicals
Reuse of water
Reduction in
pollution from
fertilisants
production
Information
Systems
Monitorization of
dispersion from
diffuse fonts
Soil Degradation
• The soil can be considered a non-renewable resource due to
the necessary for its formation. The human activity can
degrade soil by causing :
• Soil loss, due to :
• impermeabilization;
• erosion : by water or wind and caused by over-grazing and
agricultural practices. The erosion by water risk is expected to
increase in Southern Europe. Due to climate change the erosion
by water risk in the U.E. is expected to rise by 80% till 2050;
Soil Degradation
• Soil Degradation:
• Local : waste managment and production in Industry and Transport
(support installations);
• Diffuse : intensive practices in Agriculture, Transport, Industry
(Metalwork, waste disposal, oil refineries);
Soil Degradation
Pesticides sold in Portugal
10000
Tonnes
8000
Fungicides
Herbicides
Insecticides
6000
4000
2000
0
1992
1993
1994
Year
1995
Soil Degradation
• Main challenges for portuguese sectors
Building
Materials
Environmen
t
Energy
Food
production
Automobile
Transport and
Distribution
Recuperation of
soil degraded by
extraction of
building
materials
Better
control of
pollution to
soil from
waste
disposal
Reduction in
soil pollution
in oil
refineries and
gas plants
Reduction of
pesticide use
Reduction of
emissions of
acidifying
substances
(SO2, NOx)
Reduction of
emissions of
acidifying
substances
(SO2, NOx)
Adoption of
cultural
practices that
prevent
erosion and
degradation of
the soil
functions
Increase of the
organic
content of
soils needed
Land-use
planning
Soil Degradation
Chemicals
Metalwork
Better
management of
wastes
Better
control of
soil
pollution by
metals in
extraction
of ores and
processing
of metals
Recuperatio
n of soil
degraded
by
extraction
of ores
Wastes
• The waste quantities rise: between 1990 and 1995 the wastes
rise by 10 % in the U.E. and free market area. The impact of
wastes in the environment is not only due to their
characteristics but also the impact of their transportation and
treatment.
• Due to the increase in control in pollution to water and air
there are appearing new wastes with higher levels of
pollutants which treatment is difficult, such as waste water
treatment sludge and waste from combustion gas treatment.
• In Portugal in 1998 were produced a total of 963 021 tonnes
of industrial waste of which 4,6% were hazard wastes.
Wastes
Recicling rate (%)
Recicling rates in Portugal
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Glass
Paper and
cardboard
1980
1985
1990
Year
1996
Wastes
• Main challenges to portuguese sectors:
Construction
and
demolition
Environment
Food
production
Automobile
Metalwork
Chemicals
Reduction and
recycling of
wastes from
construction
and
demolition
activities
Preference of
reuse and
recicling in
management
of wastes
Reduction
in container
material
Implementation
of a management
system for endof-life-veicules
Better
management
of wastes from
mines
Reduction of
hazard
substances
content in
plastics
Recuperation
of polluants in
wastes from
gas treatment
and sewage
sludge
Aplication of
sewage sluge
on agriculture
if their quality
permits
Use of
reusable ou
recyclable
containers
Natural and Technological
Risks
Biodiversity
• The biodiversity of genes, species, ecosystems and habitats is
in threat in the European Union.
• The main factors that afect biodiversity are agriculture
intensification, land abandonment, monoespecific florest,
urban and transport infrastructure devolopment, climate
change, introduction of alien species and genetically
modified organisms and pollution.
• In Portugal the most proeminent factors that afect habitats
are land abandonment, afforestation, agriculture
intensification, fires and urbanization.
Biodiversity
ird
s
B
m
ph
ib
ia
ns
A
ep
til
es
R
er
F
is
h
al
s
sh
w
at
Fr
e
M
am
m
ge
t
at
io
n
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ve
%
Threatened species in Portugal
Biodiversity
• Main challenges for portuguese sectors:
Food Production
Transport and
Distribution
Energy and Industry
Less intensification
in agriculture
Reduce habitat
fragmentation
because of transport
infrastructures
Reduce pollution
Preservation of
semi-natural
habitats related to
traditional
agricultural
practices
Reduce agriculture
pollution
Genetically modified
organisms
• Genetic Modification involves a transfer of genetic materal
between species. The applications of Genetically Modified
Organismes (OGM) that have a greater potential for impacte
in the environment are agricultural production, food
processing and animal feed.
• In Europe deliberate releases of OGM in the environment
have been practiced since 1985-86.
• The main impact of OGM is the transfer of genes between
OGN and natural plants which can lead to a increase in
invasivness of wild species and a modification of pressions
in agriculture.
Genetically modified
organisms
• Main challenges for portuguese sectors:
Food Production
Enginnering Services
Reduce transfer of adverse
genes througt dispersion of
pollen and seeds
Monitorization and
assessment of the effect of
OGM releases in
environment and human
health
Modification of agricultural
practices to cope with gene
transfer
• In Europe the increase in ultra-violet radiation is estimated
to be largeover the western parts because of large depletion
in the total ozone column. UV global trends are estimated to
increase by 3-4% per decade in northern hemisphere
midlatitudes and 3-9% in southern hemisphere midlatitudes.
The ozone layer can start recovering, but full recovery will
take another 50 years if emissions of ozone depleting
substances were zero in 1999, the earliest recovery year
physically possible is 2033.