Transcript Water and Nutrient Cycles - PHA Science

Bio 9A/9D: Wednesday, 5.18.11
Title: Nutrient Cycles


Homework:
None 
Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title & date)
 What
are nutrients?
 Name one nutrient from the reading last night and explain
why it’s important!

Today’s Objectives:
 Explain
why nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting nutrients
 Explain how nutrient loading can negatively affect an
ecosystem
ECOLOGY: NUTRIENT CYCLES
PHA Biology: 2009
Moretti/ Dickson
Nutrients
(This is REVIEW so writing it is optional)
The body’s chemical “Building Blocks”
 Made of CHNOPS and a few other
elements
 Uses:

build tissues
 essential body functions (think: carbs, proteins,
nucleic acids)


Cycle between organisms and environment
Nitrogen Cycle

N is important for
building amino acids




Used for making proteins
Most N is in an un-usable
form in the atmosphere
Only bacteria can get N
into the soil/food web.
Decomposers return N
from living things to the
soil.
Phosphorous Cycle




P is important for
making DNA, RNA,
ATP, ADP
Most P is stuck in
rocks
Erosion/dissolving in
water makes P
available for plants
Then P moves
through food web
(plants  animals
 decomposers)
Limiting Nutrient:



A nutrient that is scarce (there’s not much
available)
This limits growth of producers
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K)
are naturally limited because they…
 move slowly through the environment
 involve many transformations to make
usable by living things
them
Nutrient Loading:
Humans add more nutrients to an
ecosystem by…

Chemical Fertilizers
 Add
extra nutrients to make plants grow faster
 From farms, lawns, parks

Animal & Human Waste:
 Full
of Phosphorus and Nitrogen
 From dog poop, agricultural waste (cow/pig/chicken
poop), and overflowing sewers (human waste)
These things get carried by run-off into rivers,
lakes, and oceans.
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/106/3052
93863_50e6a517ef.jpg?v=0
http://www.hoorwa.org/index_image
s/cows3edited.jpg
Nutrient Loading: What’s the problem?

When limiting nutrients become unlimited  some plants
(algae) grow out of control!
 Shade
other producers below the surface (underwater plants die
b/c no sun)
 Bacteria eat the dead plants  bacteria grows out of control
 Bacteria use all the oxygen in the water = Oxygen Depletion
Kills Fish and Other Organisms
9D – Special seats just for today
Celeste
Dyani
Davnys
Joas
Trae
Rayoni
Lorreno
Loveng
Jackson
Miguel
Nekeyla
Nicholas
Samantha
Marcelo
Courtney
Carlheb
Owen
Warren
Hannah
Kayla
Bio 9A/9D: Thursday, 5.19.11
Title: Nutrients in the Watershed Game!



Homework:
None. Do an awesome job at exhibition night tonight!
We DO STILL have MCAS Prep class after school.
Silent Do Now – NOT in your notebook!
 Get a “Nutrients in your Watershed” packet
 Silently read the first 2 paragraphs
 In the margin next to each paragraph, write a 1-sentence
summary (one per paragraph) of the important points
Today’s Objectives:


Explain how nutrient loading can negatively affect an ecosystem
Identify at least 3 different ways that humans contribute to nutrient loading,
and at least 1 change in human behavior that could reduce this!
Game: Nutrients in Your Watershed!


Background Info – Read it on the packet
Rules of the game
 3-4
players
 For each player’s turn:
 Draw
a card and read it aloud
 Record N and P gain/loss and nutrient total
 Record Effects on River Ecosystem
 Play

for 10 rounds
After the game is over: ANSWER THE ANALYSIS Q’S
Bio 9A/9D: Friday, 5.20.11
Title: Pollutants in Urban Run-off


Homework: If you don’t finish in class, you must finish:
 Back of Urban Run-Off worksheet (2 questions)
 Nutrient Game Analysis Questions (from yesterday)
Silent Do Now:
1. Get a “Polluted Urban Run-Off” Article
2. Read the first 5 paragraphs (stop at “Sediment”)
3. In your notebook:


How would you define “urban run-off”?
What are some of the pollutants in urban run-off?
Today’s Objectives and Agenda

Today’s Objectives:




Identify how sediments, bacteria, pesticides, and toxins enter
waterways and why each one is harmful
Explain 2 ways that YOU can help improve water quality in your city
Practice explaining scientific ideas in writing (this is good prep for
MCAS open response)
Today’s Agenda:

Article – Read and analyze 6 types of pollutants (30 minutes)





We’ll do the first one together
Then do the rest on your own
Article – Small-group discussion (15 minutes)
Pollution Video & Notes/Discussion (20 minutes)
Writing Assignment (20 minutes)
Article: Urban Run-Off

Step 1: Read silently on your own and fill in the chart
 If
there are things you can’t find, leave them blank OR
make an inference (but don’t give up too quickly!)
 Be as specific as possible!

Step 2: In your small group – check your answers!
 Each
person shares out on one pollutant
 Other group members clarify if they got different info
 Go around until you’ve discussed each pollutant
Pollution Video
Write down these questions to answer during the video:
 What is point source pollution?


What is nonpoint source pollution?
What are some examples of non-point source
pollution?
Nonpoint Source Pollution:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cACFw8lzkPI&featur
e=related
Sources of Water Pollution

Point Source Pollution

From a direct source




Sewage Treatment Plant
Factory
Storm water discharge pipe
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_03_img0431.jpg
Non-Point Source Pollution

From a widespread, non-specific
source, carried by air or run-off



http://i7.photobucket.com/albums/y289/teckno
puppy/pollution_steel_factory.jpg
Fertilizers
Animal Wastes
Car exhausts
80 percent of ocean pollution
comes from land-based sources*
We ALL play a role in Non-Point
Pollution *http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/facts/pollut.htm
http://www.eriewatershed.org/wp/wp-
content/uploads/2007/11/parking-lot-dedication-1-orig.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/106/3052
93863_50e6a517ef.jpg?v=0
http://www.hoorwa.org/index_image
s/cows3edited.jpg
Chemical Pollution

Numbers:
More than 70,000 commercial and industrial compounds are now
in use
 An estimated 1,000 new chemicals are introduced each year
(most of these are not adequately tested)


Pathways Through Environment
Point Source Discharge from Factories/ Industries: Water or
Airborne
 Nonpoint Runoff: Urban Centers and Farms
 Nonpoint Airborne: Autos, aerosols, burning, dust particulate, etc.
 Airborne brought down through Deposition
 Poor Disposal/ Leach from Landfills into Groundwater

http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/community/classroom/c2-foodweb-e.html
Silent Writing Time (finish for HW)



Complete the writing assignment on the back of the
Urban Run-Off Worksheet
Then go back and finish yesterday’s analysis
questions if you didn’t already
Finish both of these for HW
9A – Seats for Today
Hajar
Emiliano Erick
Victor
Lorena
Joshua Cassandra
Lennin Beverly
Kenny
Amrita
Nathy
Naidaliz Devin
Alerte
Bryan
Yamile
Olivia
Joelle
Imani
Javier
Jesse
Lila
Daysia
Martely
Bio 9A/9D: Monday, 5.23.11
Title: BioAccumulation
Homework:
None
 Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title and date)
What is a food chain or food web?
Within a food chain, what is a producer?
(We haven’t studied this yet – just write what you think)
When finished, look in your folder for…



Urban Run-Off Assignment from Friday (chart and paragraphs)
Nutrients in the Watershed Game – Analysis Questions
Get ready to pass these forward if you didn’t hand them in last
week.
 Today’s Objective:
 Simulate the feeding relationships in an aquatic food chain
Today’s Agenda

Bio-Accumulation and Food Chain Simulation
 Assign
roles
 Explain rules
 No
running!
 Boundaries = desks. No going under, over, or around them.
 Zooplankton and fish can’t make noise! Stay SILENT as you
search for food and try to evade capture.
 Play
the game
 Analyze the data
Bio 9A/9D: Tuesday, 5.24.11
Title: BioAccumulation, Food Webs, and
Energy Pyramids


Homework:
Finish the BioAccumulation Packet
Silent Do Now: (NOT in your notebook)
Take out the BioAccumulation packet from yesterday.
D3/*$Bwc
 Turn to page 2 and silently complete ALL of the questions on
this page.
 I will give you back your scorecard so that you have all the
info from yesterday.
Today’s Objectives:
 Explain the 10% rule of energy transfer
 Draw and interpret a food web
 Define and explain bioaccumulation in food webs


Energy Pyramids & Trophic Levels
(Write these notes on your packet)
Trophic Levels =
Energy Levels in the
Pyramid
Top Carnivore
The 10% Rule:
Only 10% of the energy
in one trophic level gets
passed up to the next
level!
Tertiary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Producers
Energy from the SUN
If there’s 100,000
Calories of Energy in
the Phytoplankton,
how much will the
Zooplankton get?
Chemical Pollution: Effects on Ecosystems

Bioaccumulation/
Biomagnification:
The build-up of toxins in an
organisms tissues
 Higher concentrations in organisms
than in surrounding ecosystem
 Tend to accumulate most in higherlevel consumers. Become toxic at
certain concentrations


Examples:
 Metals: mercury, lead, & cadmium
 PCBS
 Pesticides: DDT
Chemical Equations
Cell Respiration:
mitochondria enzymes
Glucose + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat
6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
+ 6 H2O
Photosynthesis:
light + chloroplast enzymes
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light
Glucose + Oxygen
6 CO2
C6H12O6 +
+ 6 H2O
Compare
Reactants
• Reactants both contain
CARBON
• Reactants of C.R. are the
products of Photo.
Compare
Catalysts
Both enzymes
C.R. =
mitochondria
Photo = light and
chloroplasts
6 O2
Compare
Products
• Products both contain
CARBON
• Products of C.R. are the
reactants of Photo.
The Carbon Cycle


Study the diagram
Use it to answer the questions in your notebook!
Bio 9D: Thursday, 5.26.11
Title: MCAS Review Day


Homework:
 Finish any work from yesterday
Silent Do Now: (in your head – don’t need to write)
 Which do you think will be most challenging for you on
next week’s MCAS exam?
 Biochemistry
(carbs, lipids, proteins, etc.)
 Cells (organelles, eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes, etc.)
 Long multiple choice questions with graphs, diagrams, too
many words
 Open response questions
Go to phascience.wordpress.com





Find “Biology 9 MCAS Prep – Review Materials”
Scroll down to choose the review activity that’s best
for you
If you finish one, go on to the next.
You should have evidence in your notebook of
completing at least two of these review assignments
(write the answers in your notebook)
Check answers when done
Bio 9D: Friday, 5.27.11
Title: Carbon Cycle and Climate Change


Homework:
 Email me ([email protected]) with your top 3
choices for your pollution poster topic
 Do some MCAS review – use the blog!
Silent Do Now: (Refer to your Carbon Cycle worksheet)
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
 How does photosynthesis relate to the carbon cycle?
 How does cell respiration relate to the carbon cycle?
 What questions do you have about the Carbon Cycle worksheet?
 Take out your HW from Wed. (multiple choice questions) to hand in
Today’s Objectives:
 Explain how humans are adversely affecting the carbon cycle to bring
about global climatic change.
 Identify ways that humans can help slow climate change.


Chemical Equations
Cell Respiration:
mitochondria enzymes
Glucose + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2
+ 6 H2O
Photosynthesis:
light + chloroplast enzymes
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light
Glucose + Oxygen
6 CO2
+ 6 H2O
C6H12O6 +
Compare
Compare
Reactants
Catalysts
The reactants of one are the
products of the other.
Both use enzymes
that are in
Both contain hydrogen,
organelles
oxygen, carbon.
(mitochondria and
chloroplasts)
Photo. Uses energy as a
reactant and C.R. doesn’t
6 O2
Compare
Products
The products of one are the
reactants of the other.
Both contain oxygen, carbon,
and hydrogen.
C.R. releases energy and
photo. Does not.
Carbon Cycle Review

Turn to the questions you answered about this diagram…
Carbon Cycle (Review/Notes)
Carbon is…
 Found in ALL life forms. ALL life is
Carbon-Based!
 Absorbed by photosynthesis
 Stored (sink):
 Plant Tissue (forests…)
 Dead organisms turn to fossil
fuels (coal, oil, …)
 Released by living things:
 Respiration
 Decomposition
 Released by non-living things:
 Volcanoes
 Erosion
 Released by human activities):
 Burn Fossil Fuels (cars,
factories) and Deforestation
How Does Carbon Dioxide Affect the
Climate? The Greenhouse Effect
Heat from sun – some
trapped, some released
Earth
CO2 and other greenhouse
gases in atmosphere
Heat from sun – more
trapped, less released
Earth –
warming
up.
Thicker layer of CO2 and
other greenhouse gases
Climate Change Videos

“Al Gore warns of latest climate trends” from TED.com:
http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/al_gore_warns_on_latest_climate_trends.html
(stop at Joe Camel)

“Al Gore’s new thinking on the climate crisis” from TED.com
(begin 5 minutes in):
http://www.ted.com/talks/al_gore_s_new_thinking_on_the_climate_crisis.html
Note: You can find more of the videos at www.ted.com
Introduce Pollution Poster Project
Distribute Overview and Rubric
- Read an Article and Use it to Model the Poster
- Compare and Contrast Poster Examples
-
Pollution Poster Practice
Stonyfield Farm Article
Actively read and look for…
 Pollutant?

Pathway

Effects of Pollutant?

Strategy?
Highgate, Vermont
Pollution Issue Analysis:
Stonyfield Farm





Pollutant?
Methane Gas
Pathway?
Comes from cow farts!
Released into atmosphere
Effects of Pollutant?
Traps heat inside the atmosphere (greenhouse effect)
This contributes to global warming
Strategy?
Feed cows grass instead of corn & soy  this makes them
fart less methane!
Unforeseen Benefits?
Cows are happier & healthier b/c grass is their natural diet
MCAS Answers
MCAS Review Questions
Question
Correct Answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
D
D
B
D
A
C
D
A
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
D
D
Bio 9A/9D: Tuesday, 5.31.11
Title: Last MCAS Review Day!



Homework:
 Get a good night’s sleep for tomorrow’s MCAS Test
Tomorrow morning: Bagels for breakfast, 4th floor @ 7:40
Silent Do Now:
 Get an MCAS Review Packet
 Work on it silently for 10 minutes – you will then have
time to consult with partner, so just fill in what you can
for now.
Today’s Objectives:
 Review important vocabulary words for tomorrow’s MCAS
Bio 9A/9D: Tuesday, 5.31.11
Title: Last MCAS Review Day!



Take 15 more minutes to complete as much as the
packet as you can with your small group
Use your notes if no one in your group can remember
We will then review as a class
Bio 9A/9D: Wednesday, 6.1.11
Title: Pollution Project Planning (Day 1)



Homework:
 Get a good night’s sleep for the second day of MCAS Testing
We have some extra breakfast so there will be some but maybe not
a lot – eat beforehand just in case.
Silent Do Now: (in NB with title and date)
1. How was this morning’s test? What felt easy? What
was hard? What made you think?
2. On the next slide: Evaluate the 5 example posters.
Which is most effective? Why?
Today’s Objective:
 Gather notes/information on your pollutant
Compare/ Contrast Poster Ideas
Pollution Poster Planning
Set up the following template in your notebook.
Fill it in using notes, articles read in class, and/or textbook.
See the Pollution Poster Rubric for more details!
 Pollutant: ___________________________________
 Source:

Pathway:

Effects of Pollutant:

Why it has this effect:

Strategy for change:

Why it would work:
Poster Topics Assignments
1. The effects of deforestation on the water cycle - Fatima
2. Nutrient pollution from fertilizers (be specific to Nitrogen and Phosphorus)
- Poppy
3. The effects of large-scale forest fires - Nicole
4. Prescription drugs/ Antibiotics in the environment (not directly covered in
class) - Klara
5. Pesticides in the environment - Aaron
6. Urban Run Off – Brian (littering)
7. Leaking discharge of oil and other fluids from automobiles - Kimberly
8. Pollution from other metals (not lead) in the sediment - Mario
9. Oil spill from offshore drilling –
1. Sara – effects on food webs
2. Gabe – effects on dissolved oxygen
10.Lead Pollution in the environment - Keith
11.Zinc Pollution in the environment – Karen
12.Acidity in waterways – J.J.
13.Plastics in the environment - Dimitri
More Topic Assignments:
1.
2.
Nutrient pollution from pet/animal feces (be specific to Nitrogen and
Phosphorus) - Jasmin
Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere
1. Ashley – forest fires effects on atmospheric CO2
2. Esther – deforestation’s effects on atmospheric CO2
3. Andrea – cars’ effects on atmospheric CO2
4. Amando – coal-burning power plants
3.
PCBs Pollution in the environment – Helen
4.
PAHs Pollution in the environment - Talia
5.
Mercury Pollution in the environment - Paul
6.
Poisonous/ deadly bacteria in the environment - Ilyanna
7.
Effects of limited dissolved oxygen on fish - Marpha
8.
Sewer discharge from storm water overflow (Note: you must identify the type
of pollutant you plan to highlight when signing up. We will accept up to 2
different proposals for this.) – Adaiah; Nelson