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BUILDING ECOSYSTEM AND PEOPLE’S
RESILIENCE USING ECOSYTEM BASED
APPROACH: A case of LCBCCAP and
ASSETS Projects, MALAWI
Sosten Chiotha, Gibson Mphepo, Dalitso Kafumbata, Patrick Likongwe, LEAD
PROJECT SITE
 Lake Chilwa Basin is a fragile
ecosystem, covering Phalombe,
Zomba and Machinga districts
 Two projects namely:
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 Lake Chilwa Basin Climate Change
Adaptation Programme (LCBCCAP)
(2010 – 2015) funded by Royal
Norwegian Embassy. Project also
implemented at Thuma Forest
Reserve
 Attaining Sustainable Services from
Ecosystems Through Trade-Off
Scenarios (ASSETS) (2012 – 2016)
funded by Ecosystem Services for
Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) with
support from DFID and NERC and
ESRC, UK.
Lake Chilwa Catchment and Districts
[% Mun icipality
#
Y
To wn
Main R oa d
Seco nd ary Ro ad
Te rt iary R oad
District R o ad
Ra ilw ay
District B ou nda ry
Co nto urs
Rive rs
Ch _riv_p. shp
LakesC hilwa C at chm ent
Lake
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10
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
0
10
20
30 Kilo m eter s
| 30 – 31 July 2015
i
Risk being addressed
 High population density: 321 persons/sq. km (Malawi
average is 136)
 Small land holding sizes: Average of 0.31 Ha/hh (Malawi
average is 1.2 Ha/hh)
Hillside and Stream Bank
Cultivation due to land shortage
 Environmental degradation (e.g. soil loss of 20 – 50
tons/ha/year)
RISK BEING ADDRESSED
Environmental
Degradation
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
RISK BEING ADDRESSED
Extreme and
changing
weather
patterns
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
Risk being addressed
 Problem animals e.g. elephants and hippos
 Post harvest losses (for fish can as high as 40%)
 Low food production leading to poor nutrition and health
(e.g. Maize yield of 1.5 t/ha vs a potential of 7 t/ha)
The Objective – LCBCCAP
 General Objective
 To secure the livelihoods of 1.5 million people in the Lake
Chilwa Basin and enhance resilience of the natural resource
base
 Specific Objectives/Themes
1. To strengthen local and district institutions to manage natural
resources sustainably and build resilience to climate change;
2. To facilitate and help build cross-basin and cross-sector
natural resource management and planning for climate
change throughout the Basin;
3. To improve household and enterprise adaptive capacity in
basin hotspots
4. To mitigate the effects of climate change through improved
forest management and governance
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
The Objective - ASSETS
 General Objective
 To explicitly quantify the linkages between the natural ecosystem
services that affect – and are affected by – food security and nutritional
health for the rural poor at the forest-agricultural interface
 Specific Objectives/Themes
1. Identify current levels of direct and indirect contributions of
ecosystem services to local food security and nutritional health
outcomes for the rural poor
2. Identify the drivers and pressures that have the greatest effect on the
ecosystem services that are most important for food security and
health outcomes
3. Analyse the extent of coping strategies to food insecurity dependent
on ecosystem services over multiple spatial and temporal scales
4. Find out how the levels of direct and indirect contributions of
ecosystem services to local food security and nutritional health
outcomes for the rural poor likely to change under future land use
and climate change scenarios
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
Target groups of the project
a)Local communities
b)The vulnerable groups
(e.g. women, the youth,
people living with
HIV/AIDS and disability)
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
What EBA Techniques were used?
Key stakeholders of the project and methods used to
involve them
Key
Stakeholder
Method of
engagement
Remarks
District
Councils
Project Planning and
review meetings;
Workshops; Training
and capacity building
Decentralized structure of
District Council-District
Executive Committee/District
Environment SubcommitteeArea Development CommitteeVillage Development Committee
used
Policy makers Training; Meetings;
40 Hon. Members of Parliament
Workshops; discussion
fora
Faith and
traditional
leaders
Training; Tree planting
projects; Meetings;
Workshops
Includes 100 faith leaders (40
national and 60 Blantyre
Synod); Over 100 traditional
leaders
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
What EBA Techniques were used?
Key stakeholders of the project and methods used to
involve them
Key
Stakeholder
Method of engagement
Remarks
The media
Training; Production and
broadcasting radio and TV
programmes; Newsletter
articles; discussion for a
Includes Malawi Broadcasting
Corporation, Zodiac Broadcasting
Corporation, Radio Islam, Radio
Maria, Nation Publications,
Blantyre Newspapers
NGOs
Planning and review
meetings; discussion fora;
joint projects; networking
and sharing best practices
Includes Network for Enhanced
Livelihoods (NEAL) [ LEAD, Total
Land Care, We Effect, National
Association for Smallholder
Farmers of Malawi, Africa Institute
of Corporate Citizenship, Lilongwe
University of Agriculture and
Natural Resources (LUANAR)],
Emmanuel International,
Academia
Joint projects; meetings;
Includes Universities Malawi,
workshops; curriculum
Mzuzu and Livingstonia
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya | 30 – 31 July 2015
reviews; training
What EBA Techniques were used?
What ecosystem approaches were adopted to
implement project activities?
 Landscape Approach through hotspots
 Upstream and downstream situation analyses
 Vulnerability Assessments
 Consultative/Participatory Processes
 Modelling (FEEDMe, ARIES, Bow-Tie)
 Food diaries and household surveys
 Capacity building
 Robust and interactive communication strategies—
reaching more farmers through Community radio, Radio
Listener's Clubs(RLC) drama, songs and local
newspapers
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
What EBA Techniques were used?
What ecosystem approaches were adopted to implement
project activities?
 Robust monitoring system on water, soil, forests, birds, fish and
weather involving the local communities
Three year rainfall
pattern in Lake
Chilwa Basin
Four seasons pattern
of mean river
discharge in the basin
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
What EBA Techniques were used?
What ecosystem approaches were adopted to implement
project activities?
 Robust monitoring system on water, soil, forests, birds, fish and
weather involving the local communities
Fulvous whistling
ducks (“Zipiyo”)
killed
MOMS: Community
Based Monitoring Tool
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
What EBA Techniques were used?
What research approaches have
informed the EBA?
 There was no comprehensive research done to
inform LCBCCAP Phase 1.
 ASSETS project (which came later in 2012)will
inform activities for phase II of LCBCCAP since it
has quantified various variables under EBA in
Lake Chilwa Basin including levels of
malnutrition, the risks and benefits
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
How this approach addressed &
enhanced food & nutrition security?
Indicator
Baseline
(2010)
Current
Status
(2015)
% Change
# households
practicing CA
345
4031
+1068 %
# CA Adopters
0
2001
>100 %
Maize yield
1.5 t/ha
3.5 t/ha
+133.3 %
# of HHs keeping
pigs
Less than
10
100
>90 %
# of solar fish driers
(to improve quality
and reduce losses)
0
8
>100 %
How this approach addressed &
enhanced food & nutrition security?
 10, 000 fruit trees planted benefitting 200 farmers
 2756 chickens and 48 piglets distributed to 462 and 100 HH
respectively
 2161 HHs supported with cassava cuttings and sweet potato vines
planted on 73 Ha following loss of maize to floods
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
How this approach addressed & enhanced climate
adaptation/resilience building
CA for food
security
Some
Income from
CA improves
housing
status
How this approach addressed & enhanced climate
adaptation/resilience building
Marketing skills
enhanced through
agribusiness training,
75 farmers linked to
better markets
Mobile banking
services for fishing
communities
promoted – under
floods
How this approach addressed & enhanced climate
adaptation/resilience building
Mobilizing support
towards the treatment
of bilharzia: Over
1,000 people treated
Mobilizing support
towards addressing
cholera
How this approach addressed & enhanced climate
adaptation/resilience building
Producer
Group
Linkage to market Value sold
Pigeon
peas
Rab Processors
28 Metric tons
(K1.4 million;
~ US$8,500).
20%
Chilli
growers
Ex-Agris Company
Over 1,000 Kg
(~MK450,000)
30%
Fish
processors
Superates, Tea
estates
Over 200 Kg
(~MK200,000)
125%
Farmers linked to better
markets for better prices.
%
increase
in sales
How this approach addressed & enhanced climate
adaptation/resilience building
Energy efficient
technologies: Fish
smoking kilns
How this approach addressed & enhanced climate
adaptation/resilience building
Energy efficient
technologies: Solar fish
driers and value
addition
How this approach addressed & enhanced
ecosystem productivity
Critical Sites Conserved
Over30 Village Forest Areas established,
Over 1.2 million tree seedlings planted
within and outside basin,
Incidence of Forest fires reduced,
Soil erosion reduced
How did this approach address& enhance
ecosystem productivity
Chirunga Forest: Biodiversity
Restored (Vegetation
succession, fruits, insects etc)
The big Picture- Impacts
 Over 15,000 individuals and 100 institutions directly
benefited through training and development projects
 The approach needs to go with a rigorous monitoring
system to measure impact at house hold level
 The RLCs and Community Radio have supported early
warning and DRR in general (red locusts, cholera)
The big Picture- Impacts
The EBA has potential for replication:
 At professional level, the following projects have
replicated EBA: Water Futures Towards Equitable
Resource Strategies (WATERS) Project (by VSO
Malawi Office, Fisheries Integration in Society and
Habitat (FISH) and CIDA; VSO has also replicated
MOMS
 At local level, Livestock Pass-on scheme successful; CA
and Paper recycling adopted; Increased demand for tree
planting especially by the youth and faith leaders
How can the ecosystem based Adaptation approach help
change the current agriculture paradigm in Africa
 As described by Delgado (1995), Africa has gone through 9
paradigms in Agriculture from commercialization via cash
cropping (1910-1970) to sustainable development (SD) since
1990.
 All, except the last paradigm, focused on growth, equity and
industrialization. The last paradigm, SD includes conservation
but the world is yet to develop the post 2015 sustainable
development agenda
 EBA will improve on the current paradigm by integrating other
environmental variables to the existing agriculture equation
(e.g. Biodiversity and water resources management)
How can the ecosystem based Adaptation approach help
change the current agriculture paradigm in Africa
 EBA will empower local communities to participate in
sustainable agriculture practices.
 EBA will link upstream and down stream communities
through water use associations and village natural
resource committees.
 EBA will sustain and improve land productivity,
countering the current approach that is plundering the
environment
 EBA will change people’s mind-sets that currently delink
agriculture from conservation (still on the first Paradigm
by Delgado, 1995)
How can the EBA approach feed Africa
 Climate change will severely threaten food production
(especially crops) in Africa but EBA offers an opportunity
to improve agricultural productivity under such changing
climates.
a. EBA will improve/maintain crop and livestock
productivity through an improvement in land
productivity (e.g. improved soil fertility and water
retention)
b. Value additions will improve nutritive value of
various food items
c. Household incomes will increase through value
additions and improved market access. Africa will
therefore diversify its food sources through
purchase of off-off farm food items
How can the EBA approach feed Africa
 Climate change will severely threaten food production
(especially crops) in Africa but EBA offers an opportunity
to improve agricultural productivity under such changing
climates.
a. Biodiversity (e.g. fish, birds, fruits) will be
restored, thus promoting food diversity
b. Human disease occurrences will be reducedpeople will be more productive and malnutrition
will be reduced
How Can EBA create opportunities in the entire
agricultural value chain?
 Provides opportunity to improve ecosystem health and
food security and nutrition following a systematic process
of beneficiary and site selection (following the landscape
approach) to harvesting and processing (adding value)
until marketing.
 Creates an opportunity for more research and
technology development to understand the approach
thoroughly
 Due its multi-disciplinary, the approach offers a wide
range of job opportunities
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
How can current trends in ‘Green Revolution’ technologies to
Africa (e.g. G7 New Alliance, Grow Africa, etc.) be made EBAfriendly?
 The technologies should have strong components
of Payment for Ecosystem Services [Currently the
focus is to boost the agriculture sector]
 The proponents of the technologies should be
made more aware about EBA especially stressing
the interlinkages between agriculture and
ecosystem health
 EBA proponents should conduct advocacy
campaigns against technologies (such as G8NA)
that might marginalize small holder farmers in
Africa
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
Barriers
 Lake Chilwa and its basin is mostly customary land with open
access to most of the resources including fish and wetland
birds. The fish stocks as well as bird populations are
declining. Some birds not traditionally consumed (e.g. Cattle
Egret) are now hunted, an indicator of declining bird
populations.
 Program monitoring system is elaborate and ambitious and
includes indicators for both results and impacts, however,
sufficient baseline studies have not yet been made.
 Slow adoption of Conservation Agriculture and other
technologies.
 The EBA not fully understood
Barriers
 Traditional knowledge systems/Religious beliefs: End
time conceptions; Trust in traditional early warning
signals (mistrust Met. Data because it is not site
specific); Some resistance to change—local maize still
being cultivated at large scale
 Proliferation of projects in the basin with no defined
networking linkages
What are the suggested actions to influence policy to adopt
EBA approaches for Food security and climate resilience
 Conduct workshops to demonstrate to policy makers,
Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, faith leaders, the
academia and local communities that unintegrated
approaches harm the environment
a. Algal blooms in Lake Chilwa from eutrophication
b. 2015 flooding (damaging crops and property) due to
deforestation in the upland areas
c. Tree planting leading to leakage of deforestation to other
areas
 Produce and distribute awareness materials about EBA
highlighting the concept and benefits
 Generate scientific proof about EBA benefits and
associated barriers
What are the suggested actions to influence policy to adopt
EBA approaches for Food security and climate resilience
Suggested policy issues include:
1. Sustainable agriculture intensification
2. Convert Lake Chilwa Basin into a protected area with
more resources to manage it.
3. Introduce payment for ecosystem services approaches
4. Encourage local community management of on-farm
natural regeneration
5. Upstream and downstream management
6. Pilot EBA at small scale
7. Financing the EBA
8. Research and Technology Development for EBA
9. Introduce EBA as a topic in school curricula
What are the suggested actions to enhance replication and
create jobs for the youths
 Develop a robust and holistic communication strategy,
training and capacity building programs
and
create
Jobs
for
the
youths
 Provision of incentives such as exchange visits, training,
and others
input support, networking
opportunities (e.g. participation
in discussion fora and workshops-national
international), certificates and other awards
and
 Validate traditional knowledge systems and integrate into
the EBA
 Quantifying changes in ecosystem services and to
inform policy and stimulate appropriate action.
2nd Africa EbA for food security conference 2015 | Nairobi - Kenya
| 30 – 31 July 2015
Suggestions for future research
 The reasons for low adoption of conservation agriculture
and other technologies
 Impacts of climate change on birds
 Quantifying ecosystem services benefits: Upstream,
middle course and basin
 What opportunities are provided by climate change in the
basin?
 Renewable energy technologies,
 Climate proofing,
 Technologies and practices proofing,
 Policy Research- generating evidence,
THANK YOU!!!
[email protected]