Transcript Bern, Switzerland

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
By: Jason Navarrete and Ismael Valencia
GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT’S
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The effects could be far greater than you imagine. Global
warming does not occur evenly across the world.
Temperature changes have been, and will be, much more
extreme in the Arctic and Antarctic. A 5 degree
Fahrenheit warming for the whole world means only 1
degree at the equator, but 12 degrees at the poles
Higher temperature could result in less crop yield
Warming would hit food production in developing
countries harder than in the developed world because
many richer nations are in colder climates that might
benefit from warming and are probably more adaptable
to changing conditions
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Climate change threatens to increase hunger and malnutrition
among the Pacific region's
The region is already experiencing the harsh effects of climate
change, including worsening coastal erosion, floods, drought,
and storm surges. These are reducing crop production for both
commercial and subsistence farmers
~100% increases in the numbers of the most
intense hurricanes even if the overall number of tropical
storms or hurricanes decreases
 30% increase in potential damage
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The overall trend is clear, regardless of knowing if any
particular weather change was “caused” by global warming.
Increased overall average temperatures cause more extreme
weather, more devastating storms, and more severe and
prolonged droughts and floods. These changes impact
ecosystems and the human economy.
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METHANE HYDRATE ICE
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The arctic tundra is melting already, which may be causing an
increase in methane levels in the atmosphere. A mysterious
spike in atmospheric methane was measured in 2007
Severe drought and flooding will occur as weather
pattern become more extreme. Unfortunately, the world’s
economic and agricultural systems rely on existing
patterns of weather, and as global warming changes these
patterns, our ability to produce food is declining.
THE ALBEDO EFFECT
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This is significant, because as white arctic ice is replaced
by dark water (or land, in the case of tundra), our
planet absorbs more heat. The reason for this is ice
reflects more light and heat than do water and land,
something scientists refer to as the “albedo effect.” The
albedo effect of ice is believed to have had a major
impact on Earth’s climate over the eons and the loss of
albedo could accelerate the warming of the Earth
significantly.
THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON
CORAL REEFS
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Coral reefs are temperamental things. They only
thrive in very specific conditions because of the
symbiotic relationship they have with
'dinoflagellates', an algae that needs very specific
conditions to live in. The dinoflagellates provide
corals with food and oxygen in return for a protected
living space and access to nutrients. They need
sunlight to create energy through photosynthesis,
which means corals only grow in light, clear and
sediment-free waters.
The temperatures they require are also specific:
optimum growth occurs at 23 to 29°C, but they will
tolerate temperatures between 18 and 40°C.
Consequently, less than 0.2 percent of the global
oceans are covered in tropical reefs.
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Global warming could severely reduce numbers of
microscopic plankton at the base of the food chain,
affecting all sea life globally. Warmer seas will limit the
rise of nutrients - and with them plankton - from the deep
oceans as mixing across stronger thermoclines is
inhibited. With phytoplankton deeper in the seas, less
CO2 might be absorbed from the atmosphere
THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON
OCEAN CURRENTS
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Across the world, movement of water on a mass
scale occurs due to differences in water salinity
and temperature, and because of wind patterns.
One example of a global current is the Gulf
Stream, which is driven by differences in water
temperature and salinity in the North Atlantic
and at the equator.
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It also affects air temperatures which would be an
average of 9°C cooler if the current did not exist.
Aside from the huge affects this would have on
land, temperature differences and a change in
the amount of nutrients in the water would
inevitably lead to marine creatures being unable
to survive in the resulting conditions.
BERN, SWITZERLAND
 Bern
lies on the Swiss plateau in the Canton of
Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland
and 20 km north of the Bernese Alps. The
countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers
during the most recent Ice Age. The two
mountains closest to Bern are the Gurten with a
height of 958 m and the Bantiger with a height
of 947 m.
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(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern)
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Bern is extremely protective of its agricultural
industry. High tariffs and extensive domestic
subsidizations encourage domestic production,
which currently produces about 60% of the food
consumed in the country.
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cattle breeding, cheese making, and hydroelectric
power generation.
Agriculture is of great importance
TEMPERATURE
Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
°F
49
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32
35
42
47
So how we got our
equation for the
temperature of our city but
first finding the Amplitude
and then our Vertical Shift
After finding those we
went to solve for omega
and final we solved for ø
Y = Asin(ωx – ø) + b
56
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62
66
66
60
51
40
Amp = highest – lowest
2
Vertical Shift = highest + lowest
2
T = 2π
ω
4=ø
ω
 ω = 2π
T
34
MATH
Amp = 66 – 32
2
= 34
2
= 17
 b = 66 + 32
2
= 98
2
= 49

ω = 2π
12
=π
6
4=ø
(π/6)
(π/6) • 4 = ø • (π/6)
(4π/6) = ø

ø = (2π/3)
EQUATION AND GRAPH
Equation:
y = 17sin( π/6 – 2π/3) + 49
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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"METHANE HYDRATE ICE, ICE AGES AND GLOBAL
WARMING." UTOPIA SPRINGS, 21st Century Utopian Town. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.utopiasprings.com/methane.htm>.
"The albedo effect." Global Warming and Climate Change
skepticism examined. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.skepticalscience.com/The-albedo-effect.html>.
storm, letting the Atlantic basin regional model of Knutson et al.
(2008) provide the overall. "Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory - Global Warming and Hurricanes." Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory - Welcome to GFDL. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct.
2011. <http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes>.

Nichols, Terry, and Aquateach. "Global warming, over
fishing and coral reefs - the effects of global warming
and over fishing on the ocean, dive site directory." dive
site directory - scuba diving information and diving
reviews on dive sites and countries all over the world
including the Caribbean, Canary islands, Fiji, Indonesia,
Malta, New Zealand, USA, Australia the UK and the Red
Sea.. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.divesitedirectory.com/global_warming_cora
l_effects.html>