Transcript Global

Global Issues I
Modernization
Billions of metric tons of Carbon consumed
http://petrolog.typepad.com/climate_change/2010/01/cumulative-emissions-of-co2.html
CIS
Commonwealth of
Independent States
Russia: 1900
1917: Russian Revolution
Labor and land reform!
• Landless peasants
• Factory workers
• Rejection of elites (czar)
Nicholas II
(the last tsar)
Czar Out; Commies In!
Vladimir Lenin 1917-24
Joseph Stalin 1924-53
Wanted to Modernize Russia
Industrialized USSR
The Josef Stalin
Era, 1924-53
• Ruthless murderer of
dissidents; purges of
leaders
• Millions and millions killed
• Stalin’s Economic Plan:
– Total state control
– All power centralized
in his hands
– Wants to “modernize”
(via industrialization)
– Industrialized farms,
too
Stalinist “State Socialism”
• Central planning of
“Command Economy”
• Heavy industrialization
to catch up to West
• Forced collectivization
of private farmlands
(created large industrial
farms)
The Moscow Metro
• 1930: Stalin commissioned an
underground subway system to be built
• Metro as functional propaganda piece
• Used as underground bunker in WWII
Moscow Metro Stations
Planned Cities
• Stalinization (“Steel”) = Industrialization
• Industrialization = Planned Cities
• All for HEAVY / DIRTY industries
COUNTRY CITY
PRODUCT
YEAR
Belarus
Belarus
Hungary
Hungary
Lithuania
Poland
Russia
Russia
Ukraine
Ukraine
Petrochemicals
Plastics
Metalworking
Chemicals
Powerplant
Steel
Steel
Particle Accelerator
Housing: Nukes
(Chernobyl)
1958
1958
1951
1955
1961
1949
1930
1958
1970
1988
Novopolosk
Salihorsk
Dunaújváros
Tiszaújváros
Elektrėnai
Nowa Huta
Magnitogorsk
Protvino
Pripyat
Slavutych
Magnitogorsk
●
Bratsk, Russia
Bratsk
A little about Bratsk…
• 1961: Built a
hydroelectric dam
(largest in the world)
to attract and power
industry
• Bratsk Aluminum
Smelter: largest
producer of aluminum
in the world
• Consumes 75% of the
power generated by
the dam
Lovely and Picturesque Bratsk…
https://media.uwec.edu/VEMSWeb/VEMSHost.html?VBTemplate=Templates/VideoInfoTemplate.xml&contentID=854&shared=1
Q: For Bratsk:
Environment or Jobs?
Aral Sea
• Once the 4th largest inland
body of water in the world.
• Dams built for irrigation: Cotton
• Sea reduced to ~25% of 1960
volume, 4x salinity, fish were
nearly wiped out
• As lake dries up, pollutants on
seabed become airborne as
dust, causing significant local
health problems.
• Still extremely polluted today,
but progress being made
The Shrinking Aral Sea
Rivers diverted for irrigation
A once prosperous fishing port
(note the fish on the sign) is now
40 miles from the shoreline.
The Aral Sea in 1992
50 miles
Old Shoreline
Sailing
the Aral
Sea…
Top 10 Most Polluted Places on Earth
1. Chernobyl, Ukraine
2. Dzerzhinsk, Russia
3. Haina, Dominican Republic
4. Kabwe, Zambia
5. La Oroya, Peru
6. Linfen, China
7. Maiuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan
8. Norilsk, Russia
9. Ranipet, India
10. Rudnaya Pristan / Dalnegorsk, Russia
(Blacksmith Institute, 2007)
1986: Chernobyl (USSR)
Worst nuclear disaster in history
(minus WWII)
Legacy still very much alive
Birth defects, shorter lives,
environmental contamination
Still radioactive
Who’s responsible: then…and now?
Average Life Expectancy
75 to 90
71 to 74
65 to 70
54 to 64
30 to 53
Thoughts on Russia…
• Was Stalinization worth it for the USSR?
• If not, then they would be better off
without industrialization?
• If so, why not do it again to provide jobs
for everyone since the poverty rates of
many former Communist countries are so
high?
Who is Industrializing in
Similar Way, Today?
China
The polluters…
COUNTRY
Global %
1. China
24.7%
2. U.S.
16.2%
3. E.U.
11.0%
4. India
6.0%
5. Russia
5.1%
6. Brazil
4.2%
7. Japan
3.5%
8. South Korea 1.7%
9. Canada
1.5%
10.Saudi Arabia 1.4%
Ton CO2 pc Pop %
6.20
17.56
7.45
1.67
12.26
2.15
9.19
11.49
14.68
17.04
18.6%
4.3%
7.0%
16.9%
1.9%
2.8%
1.7%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
Source: World Bank, 2012
Global CO2 Emissions
Global CO2 Emissions
per capita
Kyoto Protocol
• First adopted in 1997
• Goal: A set of global standards to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions over time
• Every country supports it…minus 4:
Andorra, South Sudan, U.S., Canada
• Ended in 2012
• Doha Amendment: Europe wants to
reduce their emissions even further
• Still a work-in-progress
Who Ratified it? And Who Didn’t?
November, 2013:
United Nations Climate Change Conference
• Held in Warsaw, Poland
• Includes both Global North
and South countries
– No more than 2°C increase
– $ and technology for poor
countries who feel effects
of climate change more
than Global North
– Walkout of 132 countries of Global South protesting
losses and damage caused by Global North
– Global North must reduce emissions by 2015
Will the Core Countries Change?
• Should they
change?
• And who would
bring about this
change?
• What is (y)our
role in this
situation?
Top 10 Companies in the United
States by Revenue (2012)
Rank
Company
Revenues
1
Wal-Mart Stores
2
Exxon Mobil
420.7
Integrated Oils
3
Chevron
222.6
Integrated Oils
4
Phillips 66
166.1
Oil Refining & Marketing
5
Berkshire Hathaway
162.5
6
Apple
156.5
7
General Motors
152.3
Automobile OEM
8
General Electric
144.8
Power Generation
Equipment
9
Valero Energy
138.3
Oil Refining & Marketing
Ford Motor
134.3
Automobile OEM
10
$469.2B
Industry
Mass Merchants
Property & Casualty
Insurance
Communications
Equipment
http://www.bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst//top-20-by-revenue-in-u-dot-s-