Transcript Health Impact Assessment

Theme and
#1 Health
Environmental
Environmental
Impact Assessment
Impact Assessment
Of International Programs
Methods, Experience. Prospects
Joseph M. Hunt, Ph.D.
Weeks 1 and 2
ENVR E-170 Spring 2016
Tues 5:30-7:30
Web Conference Only
ENVR E-170 :
EIA for Sustainable Programs
• Timing: Spring 2016 and Summer 2016
• Project AND Sector focus: based on case studies and group
research/presentation
• Sectors to be examined:
– Agriculture and Forestry
– Watershed Management and Food Security Systems
– Case Studies
– Energy and Electricity
– Agriculture and Forestry
– Industry
– Transportation
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Methodology
Five impact methods:
• Environmental impact assessment:
required by NEPA
• Health impact assessment -- needed
• Social impact assessment -- needed
• Economic valuation and appraisal –
methods are context specific
• Integrated assessment/strategic focus;
suitable for rapid climate change
Aim: is to build a multi-dimensional
assessment process that informs decisions on
projects, policies and sectors
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Methodology - 2
Sector focus for Team Research
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Agriculture and agro-forestry
Forest Regeneration under REDD+
Water security and food security
Assessment: Critical to reaching Sustainable
Development Goals (water, energy, forests, food/
nutrition) to 2030
• Goal:
• “Sustainability of Rural Eco-Settlements”
What you will learn in E-170
• Student skills developed for project/sector
design, monitoring and evaluation, improved
investment decisions
• Group projects to prepare for your
professional future
• Applied methodologies designed by
practitioners in response to real-life contexts
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E-170 Teaching Staff
Instructor, Dr. Joseph Hunt
TA, Linda Powers Tomasso
• [email protected]
• 617-822-9474
• MSFS; ALM SEM
• [email protected]
• Cell: 860-836-4838
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Joseph Michael Hunt
• Married to a Bangladeshi wife w/2 children and 2
grandchildren
• Nearly 30 years international experience living in Asia
and Africa captured in 10 books about health and
environment
• Graduate degrees in international public
administration (M.Sc.,Syracuse) and food and
agricultural economics (PhD, MIT)
• Practice: economic development, environment,
agriculture, water, energy, population, health,
nutrition and child development
JMH (2)
• Experience: famine relief, epidemic management,
prevention and control of emerging infectious
diseases, Asia regional programs to improve
health and nutrition through agricultural research
and public-private partnerships
• Witness to the power of EIA to motivate and
replicate prudent investments
• Currently teaching in the SEM program (EIA,
Water and Health spring 2016) , research at
Harvard’s Center for Health and Global
Environment
Linda Powers Tomasso, S-170 Teaching Fellow
Project Associate, Health & Place Initiative
Policy Research on Urban Sustainability in China;
Land Use & Carbon Sequestration; Healthy Urban Design
Career Highlights:
• Policy work in federal (US State Dept.), state (CT Dept. of Energy &
Environmental Protection,) and city government (Mayor’s Office, Houston)
• U.S. Foreign Service Officer, postings in Italy, Costa Rica, & Washington
• Independent consultant: WWF, Global Forest Trade Network, NOAA, et al
• Board member, Farmington Land Trust, New Britain Museum of Art
• Mom to 4 great college-age children
BA Notre Dame, MSFS Georgetown, ALM Harvard Extension SEM Program
• 2014 Dean’s Thesis Award, “New Methodology to Account for Land Use in
State-level GHG Inventory.”
• 2015 Dean Shinagle Award for Exceptional Teaching Assistant
Teaching Fellow: Helen D. Silver
• Over 10 years of experience in environmental law. Key areas of
practice:
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EPA climate change and biofuels regulations,
International law (transboundary pollution disputes),
Domestic interstate water supply litigation,
NEPA and state environmental impact assessment laws,
Wetlands protection and development
• Biodiversity for a Livable Climate: Cofounder and
President of the Board
• Degree candidate in the HES SEM Program
• Current work focuses on carbon accounting and
ecosystem restoration as a driver for climate change,
desertification, and drought mitigation
• Hobbies: Fly fishing, Hiking, and bike riding
E-170 Course Essentials:
• Textbooks: John Glasson, Riki Therivel, and Andrew
Chadwick, 2012. Introduction to Environmental Impact
Assessment. Routledge. 4th Edition. Available at COOP.
• Peralta, G. and J.M. Hunt, 2003. A Primer on Health Impacts
of Development Programs. Manila: Asian Development
Bank. PDF available on Course Website.
• Website: https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/3504/wiki
• Syllabus: on Website
• Case Studies for Class Presentation
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E-170 Assignments
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Two Homework Assignments – 20 Points
individual work, 2 pages max
Topics: EIA, HIA, SIA, and Economic evaluation
One Case Study Presentations – 10 Points
assigned two person teams on 1 theme
20-25 minutes per presentation including Q & A
Midterm Exam – 25 points
Terms of Reference for Group Presentations: 5 points
Final Group Presentations: Agriculture Sector; Forestry
Sector; and the Watersheds and Women Sector ( 45 Points)
-- > Comprising final paper (30) & group presentation (15)
-- 6 groups (4-5 each) presenting
-- Final report and presentation (last 2 classes)
E-170 Course Structure
• Classroom lectures normally posted in advance
• Tuesday evening Blackboard Collaborative
• 5:30-7:30 weekly beginning January 26
• Read “How to Get Ready to Enter a Session” on
website: Pages > Blackboard Collaborative
• Install Blackboard Software in advance
• Weekly student participant link:
https://sas.elluminate.com/m.jnlp?password=M.62A50F
54ACE8087378DA216E5E962B&sid=2007009
• Forum for small group presentations
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Now Let’s Hear About You!
Take a Minute or So to Tell Us about
Yourself… Start with Name and
Location
Transforming Moments in my life
• NEPA’s passage changed my focus in the 70s and 80s:
taught environmental causes of cancer at Harvard,
wrote about the nuclear fuel cycle, campaigned for
solar, Ph.D on historical ecology in South Asia,
environmental Mgt of Vector-borne Diseases in Asia
• I joined the Asian DB in 1992 and witnessed a big
shift in foreign aid practice – room for environment
and assessment and people’s participation, and
poverty reduction as the central challenge of
development finance .
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S-170 Envre Impact Assessment for Sustainable Projects
Life and Growth
• I wrote the Bank’s performance-based lending
policy (1992)…
• and the Bank’s population policy 1994
(reproductive rights/choice/health programs)
• then moved into Bank’s HNP operations until
2004.
• All this transformed me, too.
• Personal experiences are valuable in this course
– please bring your knowledge and experience
Why does Health Assessment matter ?
Obesity, lung cancer, asthma, autism, fatal
accidents etc… and the “HAZE”
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Challenges for Poor Countries
• What are the needs?
– 1.1B people lack safe water/2.4B lack sanitation
– 2.4 Mn deaths due to air pollution = Class 1
Carcinogen (WHO)
• What are the issues being discussed?
– Water quality: failed systems vs reported success?
– Energy, health and climate change: EIA of
renewables
– Transportation and child health
– Empowerment through participation
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Challenges (2)
• What is at stake?
– Human lives at risk and disability from
disease burden
• What are the metrics?
– Economic and social rates of return from
development projects
– Averted harm reduces Disability-adjusted
Life Years (DALYs)
Learning from Failures
• What happens when:
• No EIA scoping,
biodiversity or poverty
analysis,
• No consultation w/
NGOs & communities
• No new hydro project in
20 years!
• Financial markets move
on….they always do.
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ENVR E-170 Course Themes
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Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Health impact assessment (HIA)
Social impact assessment (SIA)
Economic valuation and appraisal
Midterm Exam
Integrated Assessment
Sustainable Agriculture: Assessing industrial and small farm
models
Forestry and Ecosystem Services
Global Meat Demand , Global Obesity and Deforestation
Watershed Protection and Welfare of Mothers & Children
Group Final Presentations
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Theme #1
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Theme #1:
Environmental Impact Assessment
Methods, Experience. Prospects
Methods, Experience, Prospects
Weeks 1 and 2
Week 2
Environmental Impact Assessment
The process of identifying, predicting,
evaluating and mitigating the
biophysical, social, and other relevant
effects of proposed development
proposals prior to major decisions
taken or commitments made
Emphasis on Prevention
Apply the Precautionary Principle
IAIA (2009)
During EIA lecture, you will learn:
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Review of NEPA (1970)
EPA and the U.S. Federal Budget
U.S. Environmental Standards
Definition of Terms
The Initial Environmental Examination
Components of the EIA Process
Weak links in the EIA chain
Experiences from abroad
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And more….
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Identifying the benefits of EIA
Impact identification methods
Impact characteristics: What to look for
Asian Development Bank screening categories
(widely applicable to international aid
projects)
• Recognizing when a full EIA is required, and
when it’s not
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Theme #2:
ThemeAssessment
#2
Health Impact
Health Impact Assessment
An Essential Part of the EIA Process
Week 3 & 4
Disease is largely an Environmental Issue
• Millions die from air pollution
• At least a third of cancers can be prevented by good
environmental policies
• Human intrusion creates disease “hotspots”, e.g. opening
forests, mines, estuaries, new roads and settlements
• Most epidemics aren’t accidental
• Emerging infections quadrupled in 50 years
• 75% of emerging human infections are ZOONOSES (from
animals and the wild) that kill 2 M humans each year
(ILRI)
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
• Definition: Assessment of the change in
health risk reasonably attributable to a
project, program or policy and undertaken for
a specific purpose.
• Purpose: A structured method for assessing
and improving the health consequences of
projects and policies in the non-health
sectors.
Health Impacts
• Agriculture: parasites, pesticides, malnutrition
• Forestry: food/medicinal plant loss, indigenous
livelihoods lost, Vector-Borne Disease, work injury
• Dams/irrigation: waterborne diseases, pollution,
food decrease, drowning, involuntary displacement
• Energy: in/out air pollution, E-M & nuclear
radiation
• Mining: TB, dust-induced lung disease, crushing,
dislocation, labor migration
• All: Global Warming, extreme-weather effects
Unintended Health Benefits
• 1996 Olympic Games, Atlanta
24 hr public transportation (more buses)
Reduced auto travel and congestion
Public announcements encourage public use
decreased acute child asthma attacks
• Introduction of EZ Pass, Northeast U.S.
Reduced traffic congestion/motor vehicle emissions
Reduced disparities in air pollution exposure
 Reduced low birth-weight infants in surrounding
neighborhoods
HIA: Case Studies
China: Schistosomiasis hazard
with a reservoir project
Java: upland rice and malaria
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Theme #3:
Theme
#3
Social Impact Assessment
Social Impact Assessment
Exclusive Inclusiveness in the
EIA Review Process
Week 5
Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
• Analyzes, monitors and manages the
intended and unintended social
consequences of planned interventions.
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SIA (2)
• Supports positive social change:
– Empowerment of local people
– Enhancement of the position of women,
minorities and the disadvantaged
– Capacity building for community groups
– Improvement of social wellbeing
– Equitable development and poverty reduction
Steps in the SIA process
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Public involvement plan
Identification of alternatives
Profiling of baseline conditions (e.g. social
mapping)
Scoping of key issues
Mitigation and monitoring plan
S-170 Envre Impact Assessment for
Sustainable Projects
Levels of public involvement in SIA
• Information
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one way flow from proponent to public
• Consultation
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two way exchange of information
• Participation
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interaction with the public
• Negotiation
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face to face discussion
S170 Envre Impact Assessment for Sustainable Projects
Trends in Preschool Child Malnutrition (weight for age) in Thailand
% m alnourished
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M aln utritio n
50
S evere
M oderate
M ild
40
30
20
*
*
1990
1992
*
*
10
0
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1988
1994
1995
Year
*
Very low prevalence and is included in m oderate PEM
Source: ACC/SCN (1999)
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Theme #4
Economic Valuation and Appraisal
Assessment Methods for
Projects and Decision-Making
Weeks 6 & 7
Economic Methods: Stated vs. Revealed
Preferences
• Valuation Methods for environmental resources and
services – also used to measure value of non-market
public goods
• -- “Stated”/Direct: contingent valuation method
(CVM) widely used by economists, recommended by
DOI and NOAA, measures maximum willingness to
pay (WTP) for protecting environmental goods based
on surveys
• -- “Revealed”/Indirect: hedonic pricing and travel
cost methods)
Economic Methods for Regulatory Standards
• Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA): monetary values if
available: forward-looking; who benefits? Who
pays? Not clear. Caveat: sometimes invoked to
delay or negate action, e.g. court challenges
against the Clean Air Act
• Cost-Effectiveness Analysis(CEA): useful when
BCA can’t provide monetary value for project
output
-- compares cost efficiencies against a measure of
impact
Example: CV Study of Water Supply
Lecture discusses:
• how to plan and
conduct a CV study,
• design and test
contingent market
scenarios,
• estimate mean WTP
• do demand analysis and
recommend project
scope
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Theme #5
Integrated Assessment:
Health and Environment
Theme #5
Maturation
of the Governance
Potential
Integrated
Assessment:
Health and Environment
Week 10
HIA-EIA Framework
• Given the high proportion of disease burden
environmentally caused, this is a natural next step.
• UNEP and WHO are working hard to develop
training, institutional partnerships and economic
analysis
• Strategic issues in Integrated Assessment will be
discussed
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The lecture will
• Explore case studies that describe models for
health-environment protection (e.g. London, SF,
Israel)
• Profile countries where UNEP-WHO collaboration
could make a difference
• Discuss team research topics (water, energy) and
how to apply IA
HIA-EIA Case Studies:
Dhaka Clean Fuel Project (‘02-08)
Indonesia’s Triple Insus Rice
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Figure 4.1: Contributions of underlying determinants to reductions in child
underweight, 63 developing countries: 1970-95
Women's
Education (43%)
National Per cap
Food Availability
(26%)
Women's
Relative Status
(12%)
Health
Environment
(19%)
Source: Smith and Haddad 2000
Theme # 6: Sustainable Rural
Development?
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Agriculture and Forestry
Dynamics
Impacts of Climate Change and Global Trade
Relation to Sustainability
Rural Eco-Livelihoods protected or
demographic push to cities because
ecosystems and farm incomes are collapsing?
Agricultural Issues
Assessment Challenges
Week 11
Food Prices on the Rise
Corn Prices (CBOT)
Grain and soybean prices are fast
approaching their peaks of 2007-08.
Wheat Prices (CBOT)
Soybean Prices (CBOT)
Source: futures.tradingcharts.com
Farmers Being Squeezed
• Supply Tightening
– Little unused arable land, loss of cropland to development and industry
– Overpumped aquifers, falling water tables, and over-allocated rivers limit
irrigation expansion
– Slowing growth in crop yields
– Soils eroding, deserts expanding due to overgrazing, overplowing,
deforestation
• Demand Growing
– 219,000 more people at the dinner table each night
– 3 billion people desire to move up the food chain and eat more
grain-intensive livestock products
– Food vs. Fuel: Expanding biofuel production means that cars and people
compete for crops
Photo Credit: Yann Arthus-Bertrand
Precarious Global Food Situation
• Past food price spikes were
event-driven, typically resolved
with next harvest
World Grain Production and Consumption,
1960-2010
2,500
1,500
Production
Consumption
1,000
500
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
Source: USDA
2000
2010
Earth Policy Institute - www.earth-policy.org
Million Tons
2,000
2020
• 2007-08 spike and the one
building in 2010-11 are trenddriven
• Add in carbon emissions that
are raising the global thermostat:
– Each 1°C rise above optimum
during the growing season drops
grain yields 10%
– Melting mountain glaciers mean
falling harvests in Asia
– Rising sea level will inundate
rice-growing river deltas
The world is only one poor harvest away from chaos in world grain markets.
Photo Credit: iStockPhoto / Tobias Helbig
Water-Based Food Bubbles
Countries Over pumping Aquifers in
2010
Country
Saudi Arabia is the first
country to publicly project
how over pumping will
shrink its grain harvest, but
billions of people around
the world are fed by over
pumping aquifers.
Population
Millions
Afghanistan
China
India
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Lebanon
Mexico
Morocco
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
Spain
Syria
Tunisia
United States
Yemen
29
1,354
1,214
75
31
7
6
4
111
32
185
26
49
45
23
10
318
24
Total
3,545
Source: EPI with population data from UNPop
Photo Credit: NASA
Bangladesh:
Areas affected by different types
of climate change disasters
Legend:
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Severe Drought: Light Pink
Flash Flood: Dark Pink
Normal Flood: Light Blue
Surge Height Above One
Meter: Dark Yellow
• Surge Height Less than One
Meter: Light Yellow
“UN says Eco-farming can double food
production in 10 years”(2011)
• “Agroecological methods outperform chemical fertilizers in
boosting food production where the poor live”
• Crop yields rise 80% in 57 LDCS, 116% Africa
• “we won’t solve hunger and stop climate change w/ industrial
plantations”
• Solution? “ support small farmers’ knowledge and
experimentation, raise incomes”
• “insufficiently backed by ambitious public policies and
available financing”
• Oliver de Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur right to food
< EVIDENCE? >
FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• The right of local people to control their own food
systems, including their own markets, resources,
food cultures, and production models
• La Via Compesina is the largest social movement in
the world and promotes food sovereignty
• What should their role be? What political and
institutional changes are needed to move their
agenda?
• Or can the current system be repaired to ensure
good nutrition for all?
Comparing industrial with small farm ecoagriculture
• Crop productivity / land production
• Pest control
• Energy budget
• GHG emissions  climate change
• Impact on global health and nutrition
Forestry Issues
Assessment Challenges
Week 12
Human Importance of Global Forests
Biodiversity and forests sustain lives:
• At least 1.6 B people depend on forests for some
part of their livelihood.
• About 2.6 B people in developing countries
depend on wild fisheries for protein & income.
• Billions of people use forest goods & services
daily: timber, fruit, clean air, water, housing
Forests cover 31% of the world's land surface, just
over 4 B ha (vs 5.9 B ha pre-industrial age).
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Sources of Global GHG Emissions
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Energy = 26%
Industry = 19%
Deforestation = 17%
Agriculture = 14%
Transportation= 13%
Sumatra, top; Amazon, bottom
Source: IPCC, 4th report
www.ipcc.ch/.../ar4-wg3-ts
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Global Causes of Deforestation
• Industrial logging
• Soybean production:
Mato Grosso State, BR
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Infrastructure
Construction
Sumatra, top; Amazon, bottom
Source: IPCC, 4th report
www.ipcc.ch/.../ar4-wg3-ts
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Forestry Sector: timber & much more
Sector analysis will consider:
• Ownership rights of forests
• Key social/normative issues
for community forestry
• Pricing protocols for forest
Developing markets to value:
• Forest eco-system services
• Biodiversity & soil systems
• Certified wood products
• Non-extractive forest use
What’s Changed in Forestry Landscape?
• Recasting forest sector as approach to Climate
Change mitigation
• Policy Tools to promote forest protection:
– REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation in Developing Countries)
– Type of Investments to Catalyze forest: Debt-for
Nature Swaps, carbon offsets schemes
– Source: IBRD, USAID, conservation NGOs, etc.
• But not enough: King Soybean, loggers, resource
colonialism (plus ça change, plus c’est la meme…)
• Tech to the rescue? Some new approaches
CLIMATE AND RISK: Adaptability and resilience
Forest use to buffer coastal vulnerability
Vulnerability Assessment Map in Zhejiang
Province shows Yueqing in the high
vulnerability red zone. Source: Yueqing City
Master Plan (2005-2025).
Tree plantations for shelterbelts in China.
Source: Center for International Forestry
Research (CIFOR), Learning lessons from
China’s forest rehabilitation efforts.
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REDD+ Program Benefits:
Forest Contributions:
• Receiving C offsets
• Water regulation
• Soil protection
• Non-timber forest
products (food/fibre)
• Climate regulation
• Biodiversity
• Homes for 60 M IPs
Green Economy- Zambia
• Eco-tourism
• Erosion control and
sediment retention
• Pollination
• Carbon storage.
• Counting non-timber
environmental services
↑ forest contribution
3.8 → 6.3 % 2010 GDP.
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Agro-forestry and food sovereignty
Agroforestry in Kenya delivers food and wood fuel for households.
“Agroforestry is smart and helps farmers produce more yield
more sustainably from their land.”
Photo by Daisy Ouya/ICRAF.
Key COP21 issues: Agroforesty and sustainable
agriculture to bring climate adaptation and
mitigation benefits to land use
Photos from World Agroforestry Centre, UK
Theme # 7: Livestock Production,
Meat Demand and Deforestation
Week 13
• Rising demand for meat in developing
countries has dramatic implications for forests
and GHGs (responsible for 15% globally, rising
fast)
• Spread of zoonotic diseases (bird flu, SARS,
ebola)
• Widespread antibiotic resistance by meat
eaters
REVOLUTION IN DIETS
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Grains and meat: disappearing biodiversity
Land and virtual water capture
Global reach of food production and disease
Impacts on lifespan from overconsumption
Shifting role of animals from grazers to fast
food
• Habitat destruction directly caused but largely
ignored
IF U.S. and China went veggie…
• U.S. consumes 123kg meat, China 55 kg well above
health target  WHO/Lancet:global 90g/d by 2030,OECD
down LDCs up
• Together, 111 MMT grain-equivalent/yr
• Equals carbohydrate needs of 600 M adults or about 900
M adults/children mix
• IPCC IV(’07) estimates 600M new food poor by 2080 due
to climate change
CHINA – The Animal Food Prod’n Story
• Diet explodes: double calories 50 yrs
• Meat consumption quadrupled in 30 yrs
• CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Ops)
replacing small piggeries/chicken coops,
following US pattern
• Asia generates 75% new demand, China 50%
• China consumes 71 MMT/y=1/4 total
Zoonoses: Hot Spots
http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/07/15/opinion/15covergrph.html?action=click&contentCollection=Sunday%20Review&module=Relat
Theme # 8: Watersheds, Women
and Child Welfare
Week 14
• Women are often the critical link
between:
• Access to drinking water
• Community food security and
nutrition
• Healthy children
• Water resource management is
not only a pathway toward gender
equality, but also toward healthier
communities
Major Challenges in Watershed
Management: Water Scarcity
• Currently, 1.5 – 2 billion people live in waterscarce areas
• By 2030, 1/2 of the projected 9 billion people will
live in water scarce areas
• 1/3 of major aquifers around the world are
water stressed
Current Water Scarcity
Major Challenges Cont’d: Pollution
• Common polluting land use activities for both
surface water and groundwater:
– Fertilizers  Eutrophication and Ocean Dead
Zones
– Tillage  Erosion and Sedimentation
– Inadequate sanitation systems  Diarrheal
illnesses
– Mining, Fracking, and Agriculture
• US EPA estimates that it will take 500 years or
more for all US waters to meet water quality
standards
Major Challenges: Contaminated
Drinking Water
• Surface Water: Pollutant
Runoff (e.g., pesticides,
mining contaminants)
• Groundwater (wells):
pollutant that seep
through the ground
• 20% of private wells in
US contaminated
Pollutants from a defunct mine
contaminate a Colorado River in
August 2015
Major Challenges Cont’d: Inadequate
Sanitation & Drinking Water
• Diarrhea alone causes
1,600 deaths daily in
India
• 1.8 billion people
exposed to fecal
contamination in drinking
water
• Over 1,000 children die
daily from preventable
water-borne diseases
Major Challenges Cont’d: Food
Security
• Declines in aquatic life (oceanic and in
freshwater)
Major Health Risks: Food Security Cont’d
• Increased Water Scarcity from drought and
decreased aquifer levels
Hydropower: Friend or Foe?
• Supplies about 16% of
electricity worldwide
• Seen as a viable energy
source
• But major impacts:
– Disease outbreaks (malaria &
schistosomiasis)
– Can affect water supply
– Displacement of communities
– Food availability (critical
species, e.g., salmon)
– Many others
Watershed Mgmt, Women & Child
Welfare
• Women play a large role in food security: Produce
about 2/3 of the food in most developing countries
• Mothers are often the primary caregivers for
children & thus often directly responsible for
adequate nutrition and other health related issues
• The health and well-being of the mother is directly
related to child welfare
• Women & children generally responsible for
collecting water (~76% of households)
Challenges in Policy Development
• Gender discrimination:
– Policies give rights/power to men
– Women and young girls’ work in collecting
water rarely formally recognized
– Issues of land ownership and inheritance
• Distribution of water rights favors industry,
power, and agriculture: Household use
allocation is less than 10%, leaving little for
food preparation, drinking water, and hygiene
Chinese Proverb
• If your perspective is a year, plant a seed.
• A decade, plant a tree.
• A century, teach somebody.
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What Students will Attain from E-170
• Skills to design, evaluate and replicate sustainable
programs that make economic and social sense
• Capacity to infuse policy debates on sustainability
with evidence-based theory linked to praxis
• Facility with problem-based learning to reach
solutions and communicate results
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E 170: What Students Will Contribute
• A Ton!
• Group presentations of case studies illustrating the
assessment methods
• Homework applications of assessment tools
• Group analyses of sectoral issues for electricity and
water/sanitation
• Build on the team reports from previous classes
• Merging several classes’ work for possible
publication
S-170 Envre Impact Assessment for Sustainable Projects
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Albert
Einstein:
“Those who have the
privilege to know
have the duty to act.”
“Imagination is more
important than
knowledge.”
S-170 Envre Impact Assessment for Sustainable Projects
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