Transcript Successful Building Conservation in terms of Energy Efficiency

ICOMOS FRANCE
Paris, National School of Administration
European Symposium 4-5 October 2010
Heritage: a model for sustainable development:
How to improve energy performance in
European architectural and urban heritage
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND
THERMAL COMFORT STANDARDS
OF CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Seija Linnanmäki, ICOMOS Finland
Seija Linnanmäki
Member of ICOMOS Finland from 1992,
Secretary in 1995 - 2000
Senior Advisor MA (Build Cons)
National Board of Antiquities, Finland
Department of Monuments and Sites
Restoration Unit
Post-graduate
Aalto University, Helsinki
School of Engineering and Architecture
History of Architecture
[email protected]
presentation structure
1
National Energy and Climate Strategies
in Finland 2001, 2005, 2008, evaluation 2009
2
Response to EPBDirective in Finland:
National Building Code Part D2 energy efficiency
challenge for
3
historic structures ?
technical systems ?
historic architecture ?
Thermal comfort standard ASHRAE Standard 55
adaptive model instead of static model in historic
buildings
National Climate and Energy Strategies in Finland
2001
National Climate Strategy: Government report to Parliament
2005
Finland’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change.
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 1a/2005. Helsinki. 281 p.
2008
Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy.
Government Report to Parliament.
2009
Evaluation of the Implementation of Finland’s National Strategy for
Adaptation to Climate Change 2009. Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry 4a/2009, Helsinki.
Climate change and the
built heritage
Berghäll, Jonna ja Pesu, Minna, 2008. Climate change and the Cultural Environment. recognized
Impacts and Challenges in Finland. The Finnish Environment 44/2008. Ministry of the Environment.
Helsinki.
http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=99735&lan=en
Nordic joint project ”Effecter av klimaendringer på kulturminner og kulturmiljö”
Finnish National Building Code in transition:
energy-efficiency of new-buildings
New Part D2 will come into force in 2012
in moment under statement consultation
U-values in new-building constructions
outer walls
0,17 W/m2K
( timber walls
0,40 W/m2K )
upper floor
0,09 W/m2K
under floor
0,17 W/m2K
windows and doors
1,00 W/m2K
• overall energy performance
• primary energy use per energy carrier
• air-tightness
renewables RES directive 2009/28/EC
“Promotion of the use of energy from
renewable energy sources”
E –value - new in regulations Part D2 in 2012
E-value is a value for maximum energy use depending on the building type
Single-family and detached houses
various E-values depending
on size <150m2 > and building
material (timber log or other)
Residential blocks 140 kWh/m2a
Offices, schools,
day-care centres 190 kWh/m2a
Hotels
Shops
Hospitals
Marimekko Factory in Herttoniemi, Helsinki 1974
architects Erkki Kairamo and Reijo Lahtinen.
280 kWh/m2a
270 kWh/m2a
500 kWh/m2a
2010/31/EC EPBD directive implementation:
Energy Certificate Act 487/2007
5§ Energy Certificate has to be presented when existing
building is hired or sold exept when the building is
protected
by planning: Land Use and Building Act 132/1999
by Building Protection Act 498/2010
hictoric building is listed in a national inventory as cultural
heritage
6§ not needed for churches or other buildings of worship
Adaptation to climate change: structures
Adaptation to climate change may mean significant changes and loss of
authenticity in architecture, outdoors as well as indoors.
• additional thermal insulation
• replaced windows
• renewed outer doors
Tampere University of Technology, 2008. Final report on the effects of energy-efficient requirements to
the building-physics.
Technical Research Centre VTT. Statement on the energy-efficiency in relation to building-physics.
Adaptation to climate change: services
• mechanical and electrical
devices and installations
• air-conditioning
• cooling and heat-recovery
American Carrier Weathermaster system for
mechanical exhaust and supply ventilation
Federation of Finnish Industries, Eteläranta 10,
Helsinki, architect Viljo Rewell 1953.
Debate on two philosophies of thermal
comfort: static and adaptive models
ASHRAE standard 55.
The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers Inc. Thermal Environmental
Conditions for Human Occupancy.
ISO Standars 7730:2005. Ergonomics
of the Thermal Environment.
Kwok A G and Rajkovich N B 2010.
Addressing climate change in comfort
standards. Building and Environment 45
(2010) 18-22.
Thermal Comfort Standard: static model
Static heat balance model
takes into account:
4 environmental factors
•
•
•
•
air temperature
radiant temperature
humidity
air velocity
2 personal variables
• clothing
• metabolic heat production
Thermal Comfort Standard:
adaptive model
Behavioural adaptation:
• change in activity, clothing or posture
• adjustments to the local environment
Physiological adaptation:
• predicted willingness of people to adapt to
their surroundings
Psychological adaptation:
• thermal expectations
• past experience (thermal memory)
• building type, local climate, the desire for
seasonal clothing, dress code
Kwok and Rajkovich 2010, 19. Building and Environment
45; Green Vitruvius 2008, 26-27.
Lower demands = “forgiveness”
for old and naturally ventilated buildings
Nicol, Fergus, 2003. Thermal comfort. 164-191 in Santamouris M. (ed). Solar thermal
technologies for buildings. Low Energy Architecture Research Unit, London Metropolitan
University. UK.
Energy-efficiency is part of the Use Value
of Cultural Heritage Buildings
the Venice Charter 1964 Article 5.
”The conservation of a monument is
always facilitated by making use of
them for some socially useful
purpose. Such use is therefore
desirable but it must not change the
lay-out or decoration of the building.
It is within these limits only that
modifications demanded by a
change of function should be
envisaged and may be permitted.”
[email protected]
ICOMOS Paris 4 – 5.10. 2010