Transcript Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy MCT for

MCT for IFS Officers- Phase IV
REDD+: National and International Dimensions
Dehradun 18 June 2013
Jagdish Kishwan
Chief Advisor, Policy
Wildlife Trust of India
Member, Government of India, Planning Commission Expert Group on
Low Carbon Strategy for Inclusive Growth
Former Director General, Indian Council of Forestry Research and
Education
REDD+
All actions in forest management in a country
impact mitigation and adaptation capability
of forests.
REDD+ is an internationally agreed
comprehensive approach under UNFCCC that
epitomizes recognition and incentivization of
mitigation service from forests.
Therefore REDD+ has National and
International linkages and relevance.
REDD+: International Dimensions
Concept developed and agreed in
UNFCCC to reduce forest emissions at
global level
Methodologies for MRV and safeguards
of UNFCCC to be complied by Parties
Technical and financial support
Ensure environmental integrity
REDD+: National Dimensions
Voluntary implementation, national
forest monitoring system to be in place
UNFCCC guidance for REL/RL, MRV and
safeguards compulsory
Policy, institutions, capacity for MRV to
be created
Timely submission of forest carbon
stocks accounts
REDD+: National and International Dimensions
OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTATION
– Understand CC impact on forests
» Natural and plantations
– Understand CC impact on other sectors
– Contribution of forest sector to climate change
» Adaptation and mitigation
Adaptation contribution of forest sector
Self impacts
Contribution in adaptation in other sectors
REDD+ in UNFCCC
Mitigation potential of forest sector
Climate Change: Impacts on Forests
Natural Forests
– Vegetation
» Change in composition
» Shift
» More vulnerable
• Fires
• Insect damage
• Invasive species
Climate Change: Impacts on Forests
Natural Forests
– Wild animals
» Change in behaviour (hibernation)
» Availability of food plants due to
impact on vegetation resulting from
• Shift, change, invasive species,
fires, insect damage
Climate Change: Impacts on Forests
Natural Forests
– Wild animals
» More vulnerable, because
• Availability of natural food impacted
• Water availability affected
• Human-wildlife conflict increased
• Habitat shrunk due to migration of
humans from climate impacted areas
like coasts, riversides, etc
Climate Change: Impacts on Forests
Plantations
– Productivity
» Positive or negative
– More vulnerable
» Insect damage
» Diseases
» Invasive species
Climate Change: Impacts on Other Sectors
Agriculture
» Cropping seasons affected
» Reduced rice production
» Reduced fruit production in
temperate areas
Fisheries
» Populations affected
» Species impacted
Climate Change: Impacts on Other Sectors
Health
..contd..
» More heat strokes
» Increase in vector borne diseases like
malaria, chickengunya
Water
» Change in flow
» Flooding and drought
» Scarcity for human consumption
Climate Change: Impacts on Other Sectors
Habitations
»
»
»
»
»
»
»
..contd..
Submergence, flooding
Migration
Extreme heat waves
Epidemics
Faulty energy supply
Water scarcity for domestic use
Social unrest
Response of Forest Sector
Mitigation
Adaptation
(Difficult to separate)
Adaptation Options in Forest
Natural forests and plantations
• Change in composition/vegetation shift
– Aided natural regeneration, species mix
– Conservation of genetic diversity - in-situ and
ex-situ
– Sustainable management of forest
– Use of energy efficient wood fuel stoves
• Increased fire and pest damage
– Improved, more intense fire management,
thinning and sanitation
Adaptation Options in Forest
Wildlife
• Vulnerability due to decreased food/water
availability, conflict with humans,
shrinking habitats
– Increase PA areas
– Increase connectivity amongst PAs to
facilitate migration
– Ex-situ conservation of gene pool
Forest Adaptation: Other Sectors
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Food supplement
Medicines
Wind break against storms
Reducing severity of floods
Regulating water supply
Providing shelter and construction material to
affected humans
Climate amelioration by cooling through evapotranspiration, production of cloud forming
aerosols
Forest Mitigation
• How to reduce emissions
– directly
– indirectly
How to reduce emissions in Forestry Sector?
•Reduce emissions (save carbon)
–Reducing deforestation and degradation rates (Exmp: REDD)
•
Identify drivers- agriculture, fuelwood/timber extraction, grazing
•Increase removals (add carbon)
–Conservation, sustainable management of forests, increase
in forest cover/A&R (Exmp: CDM A/R, REDD+, GIM)
–Wood products management
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Replacement of cement concrete with lumber in house construction
Replacement of metal furniture with wooden furniture
COP Decisions REDD+
• Cancun (COP 16)
– 5 REDD+ activities defined and agreed
– RELs/RLs agreed as benchmarks
– 3 progressives phases of
implementation- preparatory,
demonstration, results-based actions
– Financing options wide open, no
movement further
COP Decisions REDD+
• Durban (COP 17)
– Safeguards for rights of IPs/LCs and
conservation of natural forests agreed
– Agreement on construction of RELs/RLs
– National Forest Monitoring Systems and
MRV to be discussed and agreed by COP
18 (Doha)- not accomplished
– Agreement to work on financial options
including public, private, market, nonmarket, fund-based mechanisms
COP Decisions REDD+
• Doha (COP 18) SBSTA
– Sought submissions by 25 March 2013 on
following for decision in COP 19
» Technical assessment of forest REL/RL
original or updated
» Issues related to co-benefits resulting
from REDD+ implementation (NCB)
» National forest monitoring systems and
MRV for multiple functions of forests
supported by non-market mechanism
COP Decisions REDD+
• Doha (COP 18) SBSTA
……contd
– To resume in next SBSTA discussions on
following for decision in COP 19
»
»
»
Timing and frequency of submission of
information under SIS
Further guidance to ensure transparency,
consistency, comprehensiveness and
effectiveness of summary of information on
how safeguards addressed and respected
Issues relating to drivers of deforestation and
forest degradation
SBSTA 38, June 2013
– Further progress on agenda items from
Doha (COP 18)
»
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Submission of information under SIS to be part
of national communications and follow same
frequency
Recognizes linkage of drivers of deforestation
and forest degradation with local livelihoods
(economic cost and implications for domestic
resources); urges developing countries and
private sector to address these
Modalities for national forest monitoring
systems agreed; to follow IPCC guidance
MRV- no agreement
COP Decisions REDD+ Finance
• Doha (COP 18) LCA
–
COP President to appoint 2 cochairs to initiate work
programme on results-based finance in 2013
through 2 workshops
– Cochairs to report on workshops to COP 19
– Sought submissions by 25 March 2013 on following
for consideration in COP 19
» Technical and financial support for REDD+
implementation
» Joint session of SBSTA and SBI to recommend
body/board/committee for administering
REDD+
REDD+ Finance: SBSTA 38 June 2013
– 2 Cochairs appointed by COP President
(Norway, Indonesia)
– 1 workshop out of 2 held 10 June in Bonn» No discussion on sources of UNFCCC
finance
» Developing countries asked to spell out
barriers and challenges for REDD+
implementation
» Possibility of bilateral, multilateral
funding discussed
REDD+ Finance
Options for India post SBSTA 38
» Mobilize resources other than from
UNFCCC
» External
• Multilateral- WB, GEF, ADB, EU
• Bilateral- JICA, USAID, GTZ, Norway
• Project level- USAID, FCPF, UN-REDD
» Internal
• Finance Commission Awards, ACA (PC)
REL/RL: Option for India
• REL relevant for countries committing
to reduce emissions by reducing
deforestation and forest degradation
• RL relevant to countries with control
on deforestation and confident of
increasing forest carbon
• Many argue possibility of a country
giving numbers for both-REL and RL
REL/RL: Option for India
…..contd...
• India: checked deforestation, efforts
on to improve quality and extent of
forest and tree cover (NAP, GIM,
Haryali, Watershed Programmes)
• Recording small but consistent
improvement in forest and tree cover
• Forest carbon stocks increasing
• RL suits Indian situation
Way forward for India as follow-up of
Cancun/Durban/Doha COP decisions
•Develop National REDD strategy or action plan for REDD
plus implementation
•MoEF constituted 12 Member Expert Committee on 20
February 2013 to prepare Reference Document on REDD+
to guide implementation of REDD+ in country including all
States and UTS
•Prof Ravindranath, Dr Rekha Pai, Dr TP Singh, ICFRE, Mr.
VRS Rawat, ICFRE, Dr Rajesh Kumar, FSI, Dr Ruchi Badola,
WII, Prof Madhu Verma, IIFM, Dr JV Sharma, TERI, Dr Rajiv
Pandey, HNB University, Dr A Duraisamy, MoEF, Mr.
Subhash Chandra (Convener), Dr Jagdish Kishwan (Chair)
Progress:
Preparation of REDD+ Reference Document
•2 Meetings held
•Chapters in RD
Introduction and Overview
National REDD+ Policy
Definitions, MRV, Capacity Building, Research
Current Forest Management Regime and Gap AnalysisNational
Forest Reference Level
REDD+ Governance including safeguards, roles and
responsibilities, financial arrangements
•Document to be ready by 30 June 2013
Mitigation In Forest Sector
Forestry Mitigation
Potential:
Possible Action in India
(A few slides)
National Mission for a “Green India”
GIM
Goals include afforestation of
additional 10 million hectares of
degraded forest lands and
expanding forest cover from 23% to
33% of India’s landmass
Mitigation Service by India’s
Forests
 1995
 2005
: 6245 mt C (43%b)
: 6622 mt C (43%b)
37.7 mt C=138 mt CO2e neutralized
every year
Source: Kishwan, et al. 2009 (ICFRE Technical Paper)
Forest Mitigation Options
 Add forest carbon
• Increase FTC
• Create forest in FFVs
• Improve forest cover
 Save forest carbon
• Use improved wood-burning cookstoves
• HWPs to replace part building hardware made
of cement and metals
• Part replacement of plastic and metal furniture
Add Forest Carbon
• Increase FTC – 1 mha every year (remote
forests+nfl in 400,000 villages)
• Create forest in FFVs- 100 ha forest in each of
170,000 FFVs (forest+nfl)- 2 mha every year
• Improve forest cover- 1 mha of open forest to
MDF and 1 mha MDF to VDF every year
Save Forest Carbon
• Improved wood-burning cookstoves- 11 m
every year to cover 11 m families
• HWPs to replace part use of cement and
metals- 1 m cub m every year
• Replacement of plastic and metal furniture50% replaced= 1.5 m cub m every year
Quantum of Mitigation
Expand and improve forest and tree
cover= 32.3 mt CO2eq
Promote more efficient use of
fuelwood, and gradual replacement of
energy intensive metal and plastic
products= 31.4 mt CO2eq
Total= 63.7 mt CO2eq every year (could be
more)
Cost of Actions
Addition of FTC+forest in FFVs+
improvement in FC= Rs. 11,000 crores
every year
Improved cookstoves+wood products as
substitutes= Rs. 630 crores every year
Total= Rs. 11,630 crores every year
Value of Mitigation Service
2023 onwards
Rs. 12,102 crores every year
Resource Mobilization
Principle of ‘Emitter Pays’
• Private sector= Rs. 8,350 crores
• Government = Rs. 3,280 crores
• REDD+ funds = ??
Impact on Emission Intensity
5.2 % Reduction 2023 onwards