Transcript Energy in India - The Role of Research Universities in Addressing

Energy Research and Education:
An Indian Perspective
Devang Khakhar
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Goals for the Indian Energy sector
• Provide Access to “convenient” energy services, affordable
• Make new technologies attractive to investors
• Develop sustainable energy systems – Climate, local
emissions, land, water
India-Primary Energy mix 2012
Hydro Solar/Wind Nuclear
1%
1%
1%
Biomass
22%
Coal
42%
2007 24 EJ
2010 29 EJ
NatGas
6%
2012 33 EJ
Oil
27%
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
Share of Energy Imports - India
30.0
25.0
20.0
Crude oil + Coal
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
4
Installed power capacity
2010 : 159,650 MW
Renewable
10%
Nuclear
3%
Hydro
24%
Coal
51%
Oil
1%
Gas
11%
6
Bloomberg, 2014
9 Rs./kWh
6 Rs./kWh
3 Rs./kWh
Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)
7
Renewable Share in Power
12.0
Share of total (%)
10.0
8.0
Renewable Installed Capacity
6.0
Renewable Generation
4.0
2.0
0.0
2001
2002
2003
Nuclear generation
2004
2005
2006
Year
2007
2008
2009
Nuclear Installed Capacity
2010
8
Renewable installed capacity and generation
Installed
Capacity*
(MW)
Estimated
Capacity factor
Wind
21693
14%
26604
Biomass Power
1365
70%
8371
2680
60%
14088
Small Hydro
3826
40%
13407
Waste to Energy
133
50%
581
Solar PV
2753
19%
4582
Total
32450
25%
67634
Bagasse
Cogeneration
*as on 31.07.2014 MNRE website: www.mnre.gov.in
Estimated
Generation (GWh)
9
CO2 India Abatement Curve
Source: McKinsey
Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan
Standard Fan
70 W
Rs 1300
Efficient Fan
Power
35 W
Price
Rs 2600
BLDC motor
Life:
10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400
Similar air delivery: 230 m3/min
11
Incandescents vs CFL vs LED
Power
Price
Life :
Lumens/ W
Lumen output:
Incandescent
60 W
Rs. 10
1000 hours
12
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
14 W
Rs. 150
8000 hours
50
700 lumens
LED
6W
Rs.1200
30,000 hours
120
12
Cookstoves
More than 50% households - solid cooking fuels (largest fraction of
energy used)
Fuel wood, Dung Cake – Low Cost, Low Efficiencies, High Emissions (PM)
Health impact, Drudgery, collection, cooking time (cooking+ collection
time=2000 hours/year)
Replace stove, replace grate
Twisted tape swirlers in a
traditional cookstove
Source: Honkalaskar (2014)
Reduce fuel usage by 20%, reduce
emissions, being sold by local
blacksmiths
13
Efficient Gasifier Cookstoves
Sources : Anderson(2012)
http://www.firstenergy.in
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IIT Bombay Highlights




Established in 1958, foundation stone was laid by Prime
Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru
The Institute has degree programmes in the fields of
engineering, science, humanities and social sciences,
management and design; strong research focus
Over 46,000 students have graduated in 55 years; alumni
have high achievements to their credit
IIT Bombay is the preferred choice for engineering students
– 70 of top 100 JEE rankers joined IITB
1
5
IIT Bombay Statistics

Campus Area
: 530 acres

Faculty Strength
: 578 full time, 38
adjunct

Bachelors Degree Students : 4679

Masters Degree Students

Doctoral Degree Students : 2622

: 2302
Total No. of Students
2009)
: 9608 (5800 in
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Programmes
Industrial Design
Management
Science and Engineering Departments
Aerospace Engineering
Biosciences & Bioengineering
Chemical Engineering
Chemistry
Civil Engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Earth Sciences
Electrical Engineering
Energy Sciences & Engineering
Environmental Science and Engineering
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering
Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science
Natural Resource Engineering (CSRE)
Physics
Interdisciplinary Programmes
Systems & Control
IE&OR
Technology and Development (CTARA)
MMM (Math, MEMS, Mech)
Educational Technology
Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS)
Climate Change Studies
Urban Science and Engineering
Arts and Humanities Departments
Humanities and Social Sciences
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IIT Bombay Research
• Academic entities:
–
–
–
–
–
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
Centre for Climate Studies
National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education
Centre for Technology Applications for Rural Areas
• Collaborations: Washington University/MAGEEP
–
–
–
–
–
SERIIUS: Indo-US Clean Energy Centre for Clean Energy
Indo-US Clean Energy Centre for Biofuels
Clean coal research
Aerosols
Clean water/clean air
IIT Bombay Department of Energy Studies
Industry
- Technology transfer
- Manpower
ME
EE
ChE
Aero
CH
PH
BIO
DESE
Associated
Faculty
- Advisory Role
- Capacity Building
Others
Outreach
Awareness
Demonstration
Academic
Programmes
Ph.D
M.Tech
M.Sc-Ph.D
B.Tech-M.Tech
Govt.
Society
- Funding
Research
Sponsored projects
Sponsored Students
Sponsored Labs
CEP
National Solar Thermal Power Facility
Thermal
Storage
Generator
Turbine
Solar Field
Thermic
Oil Loop
Heat
Exchanger
CLFR
Direct
Steam
Cooling
Water
Circuit
Water/
Steam
Loop
Expansion
Vessel
Pump
Condenser
Pump
Simulator snapshot
Schematic of 1 MW Solar Power Plant
Consortium Members
KIE Solatherm
Parabolic Trough Solar Field
Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Field at
Gwalpahari site
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21
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User Interface: Main Window
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National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education
• Energy, Semiconductors, Materials and
Power Electronics converge
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
• Start October 2010, funding from the
Government of $ 10 mn for 5 years
• Interdisciplinary 51 faculty from 13
Departments
• Solar cells, new materials, power
electronics, grid connection, rural
deployment and policy issues
• Reach out to other educational
institutions via distance education (weband satellite-based)
Facilities for NCPRE
• Excellent facilities already exist at IIT Bombay for silicon fabrication, power
electronics and solar cells:
Furnaces
Implantater
Gate Stack Tool
Mask Aligner
Solar Modules
RTP Anneal
Solar Cell Tester
Power Electronics
• State-of-the-art new facilities will be set up through the funding of NCPRE
Photovoltaics Research
Role of the Porous Oxide Layer:
Transport and Defect density
Control over the porosity and reducing defects
Interface modifications:
Faster charge separation,
Lowering back recombination
passivation
ca. 10-11 S
ms
CB
From Adsorption to Conformal Deposition
Reduced back recombination and surface passivation
oxide
Barrier
Adsorber
Barrier
VB
Underground Coal Gasification
– Characterisation of Indian coals and
correlating them to their suitability to
UCG
– Mathematical modelling of UCG to
predict
• Composition of gases
• Rate of coal utilisation,
• Amount of coal utilisable
• Support in designing of the well
Fixed Bed Reactor for Study of
Underground Coal Gasification
Biofuels
SVO fuelled engine
Village electrification - Orissa CII most
innovative award 2010
Heat Pumps for Energy Efficiency
Installations at McDonalds, Mahindra & Mahindra , Worli Dairy, Hotel Faryaz, Club Mahindra, ENT
Clinic, Homes, Hostel, etc
Heat Pump Laboratory, IITB
29 of 50
Biomass
Research Outputs
Updraft gasifier with catalytic cracker
(A Ganesh, ESE)
10000.0
Gasifier: Downdraft (Wood)
Impactor : MOUDI

Gasifier cum CSNL recovery unit
for cashew nut shells

Batch type charcoal making unit
from bamboo and other solid
biomass – Technology Transfer

Catalytic cracker for updraft
gasifier

Supercritical fluid extraction
techniques for extraction of
phenols from biomass
Updraft Gasifier Steel re-rolling
Raipur (PP Parikh, ME)

Testing Facilities for Gasifiers
(GARP)
100.0

Updraft Gasifier for Steel Re-rolling
– Technology Transfer
10.0

Development of clean-up systems
for tar & particulate in producer
gas for gasifiers
1000.0
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.1
1
Particle sizes in producer gas
(V Sethi,CESE)
10
100
Biochar unit at Timarpur
(A. Ganesh, DESE)
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Research Outputs

Leak testing of fuel cells ,Current
density distribution
measurement,

Designing of bipolar plate and
flow field, Sealing geometry by
contact pressure distributions,
CFD modeling of fuel cells, MEA
fabrication
P C Isotherm: For H2 storage
behavior of material
Direct methane fuel cell wherein
low temp oxidation of methane is
carried out

Analysis of biological hydrogen
production
H

2
Complex metal hydrides for solid
hydrogen storage
A
I
R

Fuel cell test station
IN
LE
T
Current density distributions
A
I
R
2
H
OUT
LET
Proposal for New Energy Storage Centre IIT
Bombay
Source: A. Sarkar, ETV 2035
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Process Integration for Resource Conservation
• Development of methodologies for conservation of various
resourses: Energy, water, hydrogen, man-power, money, etc.
• Integration of various processes, equipments, etc:
Distillation column, heat exchanger networks, mass
exchanger networks, resources allocation networks, etc.
• Design and optimization of isolated energy systems
B=0 kWh
45
B=5.5 kWh
B=12.5 kWh
B=20 kWh
(1680 kW, 80.7 kWh)
10000
Maximum diameter limit = 40m
35
30
25
20
15
Load temperature constraint
storage volume,m 3
Minimum Rated Powe r limit = 2 kW
40
Rotor Diameter, m
B=0.5 kWh
b
1000
Physical
design space
100
m
volume
limits for
given area
10
Minimum
Volume
Minimum diameter limit
10
operating region
Area limits for given
volume
o
Maximum temp.constraint
(100°C)
a
1
50
5
1
10
90
110
130
150
170
Minimum Area
optimum configuration
(2.2 kW, 7.36m)
0
70
0.1
100
Rated Power(Pr), kW
1000
10000
Collector area,m 2
190
210
230
DST Centre for Excellence and
Interdisciplinary Programme in
Climate Studies
Interdisciplinary
Programme in
Climate Studies
 To build long-term
scientific capacity and
systems for study of
regional climate change
and climate futures.
 To provide critical
assessments to support
governmental policy and
decision response to
climate change effects on
air and water resources,
climate mitigation and
adaptation measures.
Modelling climate change processes/impacts
Climate change processes,
dynamics and impacts
• Aerosol transport, radiative
processes, cloud processes.
• Climate extremes and factors
affecting the Indian monsoon.
• Impacts on key systems i.e. urban/
coastal hydrology, drought.
• Costal flooding & sea level rise.
Emission scenarios
Mitigation
policies
National responses
to climate change
Adaptation
policies
Vulnerability assessment and
adaptation policy
• Climate change and its impact on
cities.
• Water Allocation Planning and
Decentralized Governance
• Low carbon and development.
• Natural disaster and human
impacts.
• Climate sensitive sectors and
poverty.
Energy-use emissions,
technology assessment and
mitigation
• Carbon mitigation potential of
bioenergy alternatives and
national biofuel policy.
• Multi-criteria assessment and
evaluation of energy technology
choice.
• Sectoral assessments and
strategies.
Climate Extremes: Pre- and post-1950 trend analysis and change point
analysis for extreme rainfall (in terms of extreme volume ) over India
a
b
d
c
e
f
Climate change processes: Aerosol indirect forcing reduces
convection and convective rainfall
Stability
Present day
aerosol
emissions
Longitude
More CCN
formation
Surface
cooling
BC atmospheric
warming
Higher stratiform
CDNC
Reduced
convective
instability
Increases
stratiform cloud
lifetime
Reduced
convective
and total
rainfall
Large
indirect
forcing
Climate vulnerability: Index for major cities of India, spider diagram
indicating the important component indices
• Jaisalmer and Jodhpur are the most
vulnerable
• Pune is the least vulnerable followed
by
– Mumbai
– Delhi
– Bangalore
• Metropolitan cities (except Chennai)
seem to be on the lower end of
vulnerability
• Technological and financial indices
vary significantly among the selected
cities
• But cities are comparable in terms of
their social and infrastructure indices.
Green Campus Initiative
• Solar thermal hot water systems in student hostels: 5 systems of
2500 Litres/day
• Solar PV lighting
• Heat Pumps
• Water Recycling
• Green Buildings
• Vermiculture facility
• Electronic waste disposal scheme
60
50
20
12:00 AM
1:00 AM
2:00 AM
3:00 AM
4:00 AM
5:00 AM
6:00 AM
7:00 AM
8:00 AM
9:00 AM
10:00 AM
11:00 AM
12:00 PM
1:00 PM
2:00 PM
3:00 PM
4:00 PM
5:00 PM
6:00 PM
7:00 PM
8:00 PM
9:00 PM
10:00 PM
11:00 PM
DSM – Effect on load profiles
80
70
(kW)
Old Load curve
Energy
savings from
DSM
40
30
New Load
curve
10
0
Main Building – IIT load profiles
1 MW Solar Plant – IIT Bombay
http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20140128287038.htm
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Electric Vehicle - Evo
Evo 1
Evo 2
200 kg, Top speed 100 kmph
60kW peak, LiPo battery
0-60 in 2.5s
EVo 3.0 at Silverstone, UK 2014
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TEAM SHUNYA
SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014
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House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014
Team Shunya
70 students
13 disciplines 12 faculty
Summing Up
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India – significant growth in energy services needed
Predominantly coal based - Renewable share expected to grow
Technology development and R & D for cost effective renewables,
clean coal, energy efficiency
Need for capacity building – energy engineers / scientists
IIT Bombay – New programmes – Energy, Environment (Climate
change research)
Campus as a energy technology demonstration and deployment hub
Leadership - shaping state and national policies, implementation
Global education and research linkages:
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Solar Energy
Clean coal
Biomass – cook stoves