Transcript - Gabriele Köhler

Evolution of the
„development architecture“
Gabriele Köhler
Development economist, Munich
Visiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.gabrielekoehler.net
Ludwig Maximilians University
PhD-Program International Health
Module I
Munich, 12 December 2011
Overview:
1)
Human development and poverty
2)
Evolution of the development
cooperation architecture
3)
The case for a bold vision:
rights-based, universalist,
transformative
1) Human development & poverty
 Human
development at
aggregate level:
slow but steady
improvement
Human Development Index,
trends 1970-2010
Working poverty
Malnutrition
Economic, fiscal, climate crises
at least 100 million more people hungry
and undernourished
 an estimated 64 million more people in
income poverty
 205 million people unemployed
 at least 55,000 more children likely to
die each year from 2009 to 2015
 175 million children affected by climate
change

Reducing child mortality – a moral
and environmental imperative


Hans Rosling Tedtalk
http://www.gapminder.org/videos/r
educing-child-mortality-a-moraland-environmental-imperative/
2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase I: Colonial administration(1900s – 1950s)
Predominant ideology:
• Spreading „progress“ and „civilisation“
Driving forces:
• Colonial regimes for economic gain
• Colonial regimes for resources
• Colonial regimes for power
2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase II: Independence movements &
„development aid“ (1960-1980)
 Predominant
ideology:
Transfer capital and technology to the capitaldeficient South – economistic approach to
development
 Keynesian economics
 State led growth

 Driving
forces:
• independence movements in the South
• post-war recovery, affluence, guilt in the North –
• Re- nascent globalisation
2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase III: structural adjustment
(1980s – 1989/1990 and beyond)
Predominant ideology:
• Overstating role of marktes, downplaying the
role of the state, intervening in developing
country governments‘ policy space

Driving forces:
• Economic and political strength of the
•
•
developed countries
Interest in „South“ for markets, production –
global value chains
Debt crisis in the South
2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase IV: Cooperation as “partnerships”
(1990s – 2000)

Predominant ideology:
 End
of the „cold war“ : rebalancing of
power
• Seeming collapse of state-led
development
• Series of UN global summits -
• Social development theme

Driving forces:
•
on the South
Emerging South North trade and investment
• greater economic dependence of the North
2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase V: MDGs; Aid Effectiveness
(2000 – 2008)
• Predominant ideologies:
• push for human development
• focus on social development – different
from economistic approaches of the 1960s
• development onus on the South
• the „bad governance“ discourse

Driving forces: economic & political
polarisation
•
•
•
•
•
Stalled progress on human development;
Slow economic growth – or jobless growth;
Multiple social exclusions;
Accelerating domestic conflicts;
Climate change and accelerating frequency of disasters
2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase VI: Multi-polar development
since 2008
Drivers




G-20, pushing „G-192“ aside
Emerging economies: BRIC(S) and BASIC with export
success, outward investment, sovereign funds
New bilateral donors changing the donor landscape
Private foundations - more grants available
Predominant ideologies
•“Pluri-pragmatism”
•One size fits all versus national ownership
& policy
space
•Growth and human development
• Overemphasis on evidence based policy-making
versus grand design and visions of social justice
The new geography of growth and
poverty
Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC
The new geography of growth and
poverty
Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC
Countries of the world
estimated GDP in purchasing power parity, 2010
s
G 20 countries:
Circa 90 per cent of global GNP
 80 per cent of world trade
 Two-thirds of the world's population.
Source: www.bbc.co.uk
( Source: http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx
G20 Seoul development consensus action points
infrastructure,
2) private investment and job creation,
3) human resource development,
4) trade,
5) financial inclusion,
6) growth with resilience,
7) food security,
8) domestic resource mobilization,
9) knowledge sharing
Principles:
 highlight human rights
 but reliance on economic growth
1)
Country level innovations:
•
Progressive, rights-based, universalistic
policies
•
•
•
•
•
Rights to education, health, school meals, food,
Right to work – employment – decent work
Right to information
Right to social protection
Rediscovery of the role of the state
Social protection
policy environment
Some South Asian policy responses
Direct food
transfers
Cooked school
meals (IND)
Subsidized PDS
(IND, NPL, BGD)
Subsidized grain
prices
Social
Assistance
Universal old age
pension (NPL)
Benazir Income
Support Program
(PAK)
Job
Creation
National Rural
Employment
Guarantee (IND)
Secondary school
stipend for girls
(BGD)
Human
rights
Right to food/National
Food Security Act (IND)
Mid-day meal (IND)
Employment
Generation for hard
core poor (BGD)
Child benefit (NPL)
Unorganized sector
health insurance
(IND)
Affirmative
action
Karnali Employment
Program (NPL)
Employment
generation for rural
unskilled workers (PAK)
Education for all
(NPL)
Child grants for girls
(IND)
Rural development
and community
based interventions
(IND)
Right to education (all)
Right to work (IND)
Right to health services
(all)
Right to information
27
(IND, BGD, NPL)
New economic realities – poverty and
vulnerability in South and North
Losers of globalisation – the informal
economy, the poor, migrants, the socially
excluded, children, women, people with
disabilities
 Winners: high growth economies,
successful private sector, emerging
economies, private donors taking on the
development agenda

New colonialism


MICs – landgrab, collusion with corrupt
governments – social and
environmental sell-outs, ODA driven by
security or commercial interests
G20 replacing “G192”, undermining the
UN
Converging North and South
MDG outcomes worst among
socially excluded groups – in
North and South
 Income gap widening
 Human development gap
widening within countries

3. The case for a bold vision
The case for a bold vision

Improve – enhance - transform human development outcomes
o
o
Social justice –
Equitable inclusive human
development
conceptual
basis
more explicitly
policy-oriented
bolder, more
openly progressive
policy stance
Deepening the
MDG agenda
clearer
Beyond 2015: deepening the MDGs
















human rights dimensions, human dignity,
and choice
income and and wealth inequalities
social exclusion and poverty in
multidimensional mode
applicable to all societies
all MDGs– food, employment, poverty,
education, child & maternal health, HIVAids etc, gender equality, environment
violence and conflict
ecological destruction and climate change
subjective perceptions
political and personal security
“bottom up” participatory decision making
employment/decent work and asset
access/social protection
policy focus+ : ”heterodox”; from the South
good governance
solidarity
universalism/social contracts
domestic resource mobilisation

Universality and inclusiveness

Building resilience and reducing
vulnerability

Building national
economies/subnational/nationa
l/global coherence
The case for a bold vision: Next
steps?

Normative umbrella of international
development cooperation: Universal
Declaration of Human Rights


Recapture UN’s lead role in advocating for
universal human rights and social justice
Influence the discussions on “post 2015”
The 99% movement
References
Jonnathan Glennie, 2011, The OECD should give up control of the aid agenda. Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/apr/29/oecd-control-aid-agenda.
28 April 2011
Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Thomas Weiss 2001, Ahead of the Curve? UN ideas and global challenges.
Indiana University Press
Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, David Hulme, 2010, Just give money to the poor. The development
revolution from the global South. Kumarian Press
Naila Kabeer, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS
and UN MDG Achievement Fund. 2010. www.ids.ac.uk
Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et al,
Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions.
Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996
Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009: pp. 24-29, Sage publications
Robert Marten, Jan Martin Witte 2008, Transforming Development? The role of philanthropic foundations in
international development cooperation. Global Public Policy Institute. GPPi Research Paper Series No. 10
(2008) www.gppi.net. Accessed 25 Nov 2010
Dane Rowlands 2008. Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance: A Synthesis Report. Norman
Paterson School of International Affairs. Carleton University. http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/userS/12447280141Synthesis_Report.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2010
Andy Sumner 2010. GLOBAL POVERTY AND THE NEW BOTTOM BILLION: WHAT IF THREE-Quarters of the poor
live in MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES? WORKING PAPERIDS. www.ids.ac.uk
References
Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et
al, Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions.
Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996 (for period up to 1995) (can be made available as a pdf)
UN General Assembly, 2010, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65th session of
the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72.
www.un.org/MDGs
Jens Martens, 2011, Thinking ahead. Development Models and Indicators of Well-being Beyond the MDGs.
Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Global Policy Forum Europe.www.fes-globalization.
UNDP. Human Development Report 2010. www.undp.org
UNRISD, Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics 2010.
http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440A
A7?OpenDocument
UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65th session of the
General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72.
www.un.org/MDGs
WHO, World Health Report 2008. Primary health care, now more than ever. www.who.int/whr/en
http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/independenceday.htm, accessed 22 Nov 2010
www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map213_ver5.pd, accessed 22 Nov 2010
http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx, accessd 23 Nov 2010