Transcript - Gabriele Köhler

Multilateral development cooperation –
Genesis, Emerging Trends,
Principles and Normative Frameworks
Gabriele Köhler
Development economist
Visiting fellow, IDS Sussex
International Centre for Development and Decent Work
University of Kassel
14 and 15 July 2011
Overview:
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The current international development situation
Poverty, exclusion, unemployment and casualised
labour, acute crises
Evolution of the development cooperation architecture
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6 phases and their driving forces and ideologies
Emerging trends
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“Pluripragmatism”, new donors, contradictory trends
Principles and normative frameworks
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At the multilateral and national levels
Making the case for a bold vision
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Towards 2015: Rights-based, universalist, transformative
development policy or even a global human development policy
The current international development
situation :human development &income
poverty
 Human
development at
aggregate level:
slow but steady
improvement
Human Development Index,
trends 1970-2010
The current international development
situation
human development &income poverty

Absolute number and share of
extremely poor people has
declined since 1990 globally
The current international development
situation
Income poverty & human development

But: number of extremely poor in Africa
and South Asia increased
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using $1.25 per personday income poverty
measure
Number of poor and vulnerable people:
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2.5 billion persons
using $2 per personday income
poverty measure
Widening income gap among countries
4,000
3,500
GNI per capita (US$ Current)
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
CDP Secretariat
LDCs
Source of data: World
Banknon LDCs
Income gap within countries
The current international development
situation: Economic, fiscal, climate
crises
at least 100 million more people hungry
and undernourished
 an estimated 64 million more people in
income poverty
 205 million people unemployed
 at least 55,000 more children likely to
die each year from 2009 to 2015
 175 million children affected by climate
change

Global employment trends (2000-10)
Unemployment trends
“Vulnerable employment”
Working poverty trends
Working poverty trends
Share of Working Children, ages 5-11 & 5-14 in percent of age cohort
The informal economy and
casualised labour
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Majority of people in developing countries
work in the informal economy
Work is “casualised” – unpredictable,
unregulated pay, no minimum wage, no
social security, and often isolated in the
form of home work
Examples: agricultural wage labour, off
farm employment, vending,
transportation, begging, household or
hotel/catering services, construction, sex
work, child labour, forced labour, even
manufacturing
The current international development situation:
Systemic social exclusions & intersecting
inequalities in North and South
 Economic inequalities
 Social inequalities
 Gender and age inequalities
 Spatial inequalities
 Political inequalities
The current international
development situation: Converging
North and South
MDG outcomes worst among
socially excluded groups – in
North and South
 Income gap widening
 Human development gap
widening within countries

Evolution of development architecture
Phase I: Colonial administration
(1900s – 1950s)
Predominant ideology:
• Spreading „progress“ and „civilisation“
Driving forces:
• Colonial regimes for economic gain
• Colonial regimes for resources
• Colonial regimes for power
Evolution of development architecture
Phase II: Independence movements &
„development aid“ (1960-1980)
 Predominant
ideology:
Transfer capital and technology to the capitaldeficient South – economistic approach to
development
 Keynesian economics
 State led growth

 Driving
forces:
• independence movements in the South
• post-war recovery, affluence, guilt in the North –
• Re- nascent globalisation
Evolution of development architecture
Phase III: structural adjustment
(1980s – 1989/1990 and beyond)
Predominant ideology:
• Overstating role of marktes, downplaying the
role of the state, intervening in developing
country governments‘ policy space
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Driving forces:
• Economic and political strength of the
•
•
developed countries
Interest in „South“ for markets, production –
global value chains
Debt crisis in the South
Evolution of development architecture
Phase IV: Cooperation as “partnerships”
(1990s – 2000)
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Predominant ideology:
 End
of the „cold war“ : rebalancing of
power
• Seeming collapse of state-led
development
• Series of UN global summits -
• Social development theme
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Driving forces:
•
on the South
Emerging South North trade and investment
• greater economic dependence of the North
Evolution of development architecture
Phase V: MDGs; Aid Effectiveness
(2000 – 2008)
• Predominant ideologies:
• push for human development
• focus on social development – different
from economistic approaches of the 1960s
• development onus on the South
• the „bad governance“ discourse
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Driving forces: economic & political
polarisation
•
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Stalled progress on human development;
Slow economic growth – or jobless growth;
Multiple social exclusions;
Accelerating domestic conflicts;
Climate change and accelerating frequency of disasters
Evolution of development architecture
Phase VI: Bipolar development
since 2008
Drivers
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Emerging BRIC(S) donors with export success, outward
investment, sovereign funds
G-20, pushing „G-192“ aside
New bilateral donors changing the donor landscape
Private foundations - more grants available
Predominant ideologies
•“Pluri-pragmatism”
•One size fits all versus national ownership
& policy
space
• GDP growth versus human development
• Overemphasis on evidence based policy-making
versus analytical and policy debates
versus grand design and visions of social justice
Countries of the world
estimated GDP in purchasing power parity, 2010
s
G 20 countries:
Circa 90 per cent of global GNP
 80 per cent of world trade
 Two-thirds of the world's population.
Source: www.bbc.co.uk
( Source: http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx
Emerging trends

New economic realities – poverty and
vulnerability in South and North
Losers of globalisation – the informal
economy, the poor, migrants, the socially
excluded, children, women, people with
disabilities
 Informal economy with ever increasing
casualisation of labour in global and local
production chains
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Emerging trends
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New colonialism of the MICs – landgrab,
collusion with corrupt governments –
social and environmental sell-outs, ODA
driven by security or commercial
interests
G20 replacing “G192”, undermining the
UN
Emerging trends
Recognition of commonalities
 Bargaining opportunity for lowest
income countries – policy space and
new sources of support
 South-South policy diffusion
 North policy transfers
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Emerging trends
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attention to employment and decent work
push for social protection & the global social
floor
emphasis on maternal and child health
attention to agriculture, rural development
and the need for land reform
recognition of social exclusion with a new
focus on equity policies
reference to tax reform for redistribution and
to fund social policy
Principles and normative frameworks

Multilateral level
 Orientation to human rights and a normative framework
 Emergence of rights oriented conventions and
instruments in the UN context
 right to food, FAO 2004, Voluntary Guidelines to
Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to
Adequate Food in the Context of National Food
Security - includes livelihoods and land reform
 World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata
primary health care for all
 Global Social Floor Initiative since 2009 –striving for an
ILO or UN Convention on Social Protection for all
 MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion,
human rights
 Special rapporteurs - experts of OHCHR combining the
humanist with the intellectual
New approaches to socio-economic
policy: decent work agenda
formulated
at ILO by governments,
employers and workers
understanding that work is a source of
personal dignity, family stability, peace in
the community,
democracies that deliver for people
economic growth that expands
opportunities for productive jobs and
enterprise development
Social Protection Floor
Special Rapporteurs/Independent Experts
on human rights areas
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right to education;
human rights and extreme poverty;
right to food;
right to adequate housing;
access to safe drinking water and sanitation;
against violence against women;
physical and mental health;
economic policies and debt;
TNCs;
and other substantive normative areas.
G20 Seoul development consensus action points
infrastructure,
2) private investment and job creation,
3) human resource development,
4) trade,
5) financial inclusion,
6) growth with resilience,
7) food security,
8) domestic resource mobilization,
9) knowledge sharing
Principles:
 highlight human rights
 but reliance on economic growth
1)
Principles and normative frameworks
•
Progressive, rights-based, universalistic
policies
•
•
•
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Rights to education, health, school meals, food,
Right to work – employment – decent work
Right to information
Right to social protection
Rediscovery of the role of the state
Principles and normative
frameworks
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Examples of rights based
programming
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South Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh,
Pakistan
South Africa
Brazil
New approaches to socio-economic
policy: social protection: South Asia
Social protection in the form of social transfers
Child grants and social pensions in Nepal
Benazir Income Support Programme in Pakistan
The employment guarantees:
the Mahatma Ghandi National Rural Employment
Scheme in India
 100-days Employment Scheme in Bangladesh
 Karnali Employment Programme in Nepal
 Employment generation scheme for rural unskilled
workers in Pakistan
Social protection as affirmative action:
The Bangladesh girls’ secondary education grant
girl child grants offered by some states in India
National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme India
South Africa: Grant for Older
Persons:
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a social pension, reaches around 2 million
beneficiaries with a monthly benefit or around USD
70 to beneficiaries.
Eligibility: South African citizens and permanent
residents, males from age 63 years (age threshold
coming down) and women from age 60 years
Must comply with the means test
Until the introduction of the Child Support Grant, the
social pension constituted the most important source
of support for poor households.
It is tax financed and currently absorbs around 1.4
per cent of GDP.
South Africa: Child Support Grant
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Purpose:
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To assist families with child care and education expenses
Has become crucial in light of pervasive poverty and because
of vulnerabiltiy as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic
Eligibility:
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applicant and child must reside in South Africa;
applicant must be the primary care giver of the child/ children
concerned;
the child/children under 15 years;
means tested
Limit of six non biological children;
Brazil
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Fome Zero - strategy to ensure the
human right to adequate food
promotion of food and nutrition
security with social inclusion and
citizenship rights for the population
most vulnerable to hunger
Became larger programme Bolsa
familia.
Bolsa famila, Brazil
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In 2003 Bolsa Família reached 3.6 million families with a budget of US$1.1
billion. By early 2007 it was estimated to be reaching 100% of its target of
11.1 million families (about 45 million people or a quarter of the country’s
population) with a budget of over US$4.1 bn (Britto, 2008; FAO, 2006;
MDS, 2007)
Bolsa Família accounts for less than 3% of direct government transfers,
and only 0.5% to 0.8% of the country’s GDP (FAO, 2006; Hall, 2006: 6934; The Economist, 2008: 39-40).
The government’s expenditures with the programme were estimated at
US$6 bn in 2008 (Ananias, 2008).
The programme is estimated to have raised participants’ income by 21%
(FAO,2006); by itself it is not enough to lift families out of poverty
(Jaccoud, 2006: 36), It is estimated that it was responsible for a 19%
reduction in poverty severity (the degree to which poor families fall below
the poverty line) and a 21% fall in the Gini (income inequality) index
between 1995 and 2004 (Soares et al., 2007: 4).
increasing food and nutrition security in the country, studies show that
76% of the transfers are spent on food, and families in the Bolsa Família
programme have been able to improve their diets (FAO, 2006).
Social transfers as a percentage of GDP,
Selected countries and years
The case for a bold vision: Ultimate
reason for development
cooperation
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Improve – enhance - transform human development outcomes
o
o
Social justice –
Equitable inclusive human
development
The case for a bold vision:
Rights-based approaches to address
income poverty
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Employment and decent work as the key
response – development of services
Agricultural development, land reform,
and rural off-farm employment
opportunities, access to agricultural
inputs and to (micro)credit
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Social protection as a support
mechanism
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Climate change mitigation action
The case for a bold vision:
Rights-based approaches to address
equitable access to social services
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Ensure universal free services delivery
Equitable access to services, geographically
and socially
Ensure equal quality of services – staffing,
people skills and material resources
Ensure cultural sensitivity
Ensure transparent information
Enable inclusive and equitable participatory
programming and participation
The case for a bold vision: Rights-based
approaches to address social exclusion
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Address on-going exclusion and discriminationaffirmative action (reservation, representation,
protective legislations, budget allocations)
Ensure compensatory/reparatory measures
Protect against violence
Address impunity
Support public education and behaviour change
to address discrimination and exclusion
Ensure inclusive social services, including in
emergencies and humanitarian crises
Change disparaging language and designations
Enable inclusive programming
The case for a bold vision:
Next steps?
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Normative umbrella of international
development cooperation: Universal
Declaration of Human Rights
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Recapture UN’s lead role in advocating for
universal human rights and social justice
A “post 2015” international development
agenda led by the South
Or
A global anti-poverty agenda in South and
North
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