Transcript Chapter 12 Plants and the Future © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chapter 12
Plants and the Future
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.1 Multi-model mean of annual mean surface warming (surface air temperature change, C) for the
scenarios B1 (top row- low emissions), A1B (middle row- medium emissions) and A2 (bottom row- high
emissions), and three time periods, 2011 to 2030 (left column), 2046 to 2065 (middle column) and 2080 to
2099 (right column). Anomalies are relative to the average of the period 1980 to 1999. From: Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Figure 10.8. Cambridge University Press.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.2 The probability of enhanced drought in Amazonia. The percentage of 23 climate models that
show a decline in rainfall between 1980 to 1999 and 2080 to 2099 under midrange global greenhouse gas
emissions scenarios. (a) Any decline (rainfall decline greater than 0 per cent); (b) substantial decline (rainfall
decline greater than 20 per cent); (c) severe decline (rainfall decline greater than 50 per cent). Dry season
rainfall is particularly important. Left column: December-January-February (dry season in north); right
column: June-July-August (dry season in central and southern Amazonia). From Malhi et al., 2008
(Reproduced by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science).
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.3 Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis), from Wollemi National Park, New
South Wales, Australia. Photo: MJH. Used by the permission of the National Botanic
Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.4 Aerial photograph of rainforest. Province Orientale in the Democratic
Republic of Congo boasts the second largest rainforest in the world, which spreads
across the centre of the country. This is virgin rainforest, virtually uninhabited by
humans for thousands of square miles.
Photo: Geoff Andrews.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.5 Common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) growing at Manor Farm,
Warmington, near Banbury, UK. Photo: MJH.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.6 Miscanthus giganteus (elephant grass) stems in December after the
seasons growth. Photograph taken at Manor Farm, Haddenham, Buckinghamshire,
UK. Photo: MJH.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.7 After harvesting the Miscanthus giganteus stems in April they are then
formed into bails using a bailer. Photograph taken at Manor Farm, Haddenham,
Buckinghamshire, UK. Photo: MJH.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.8 Miscanthus can be turned into briquettes for domestic consumption.
Photo: JAB.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.9 Willow (Salix) trees being harvested in March at Manor Farm, Haddenham, Buckinghamshire,
UK. (a) One specially adapted tractor cuts the willow at near ground level, then chips it before firing it into a
trailer pulled by a second tractor. (b) A close-up of the specialized cutting equipment mounted on the front of
a tractor adapted for harvesting willow. Photos: MJH.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.10 Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trees in Bas-Congo (Democratic Republic
of Congo). Photo: Paul Latham.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.11 Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation in Borneo where the trees are
grown specifically for biodiesel. Photo: Dr David Stafford.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.12 Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) inflorescences and fruit from Malaysia. (a)
Intact female inflorescence. Each inflorescence can bear up to 200 fruits, each of
which is about 4 cm long and 2 cm broad. (b) Inflorescence split open, in which the
fruits (drupes) can be seen as fleshy orange mesocarp surrounding the kernels
which consist of black (endocarp) with white centres (seeds). (c) Left to right: the
kernels, still surrounded by mesocarp after they have been separated from the
inflorescence; the seeds surrounded by black endocarp; and the bright orange oil
extracted from the fleshy mesocarp in a beaker. Photos: Dr Greg Hodson.
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Figure 12.13 Wasting prevalence. Wasting is an indicator of a severe level of
malnutrition. Prevalence of child malnutrition (wasting) is the percentage of children
under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the
median for the international reference population (ages 0–59 months). Low weight
for age (underweight) indicates chronic food insecurity. From: Ericksen et al., 2011
(Reproduced by permission of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research- CGIAR).
Functional Biology of Plants
Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant
© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.