Transcript Introduction - San Jose State University

MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 11
Climate Change: Connections
Menglin Jin
San Jose State University
Outline
 Ozone Depletion
 Water - Film
 Perspectives
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Human activity
Climate and Weather
Climate Change
Science Understanding
Policy Maker
successful example is Response to Ozone Hole
Where are the highest concentrations of
ozone located?
1.
2.
3.
4.
In large cities
The stratosphere
The troposphere
Near volcanoes
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Topics
 History of Ozone Depletion
 The Ozone Hole: what, where, why?
 Ozone into the future
Early concerns of ozone depletion
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
History of Ozone Depletion: connection
between human and nature
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) developed in 1940’s
and 50’s as:
– Refrigerants, propellants, fire retardants
 1970’s CFCs detected in upper atmosphere.
– Many of these have long atmospheric lifetimes:
–(10’s to 100’s of years)
– 1974 Rowland and Molina propose that CFC’s
can destroy ozone in the stratosphere.
– CFC contain chlorine (Cl)
– Chlorine can destroy ozone rapidly
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Ozone Hole Recipe
Ingredients:
Science interpretation



Chlorine gas
Cold Temperatures (~-80C)

Instructions:



Allow cold temperatures to form Polar
Stratospheric Clouds (1-2 weeks).

Allow time for polar stratospheric clouds
to convert chlorine gas into ozone
destroying chemicals. (1 month)

Polar Stratospheric Clouds allow ozone
friendly chlorine to be transformed into
ozone destroying chlorine.
Ozone depletion then starts when sun
returns to Antarctica in the spring
Bake ingredients with sunlight.


Chlorine gas is abundant in atmosphere
due to CFC’s
Cold Temperatures (~-80C) only occur
over Antarctica during the cold winter.
bingo, a delicious ozone hole!
Ozone hole grows from late August
through till October.
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
What is being done about ozone
depletion?
 Montreal Protocol ~ (1988) international agreement
to reduce ozone depleting chemicals
 Further amendments accelerated the phase out.
– Developed countries have switched to HCFC’s
(more ozone friendly!)
– Developing countries have until 2004/5 to phase
out CFC’s.
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is
an international treaty designed to protect the ozone
layer by phasing out the production of a number of
substances believed to be responsible
for ozone depletion.
The treaty was opened for signature
on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on
January 1, 1989 followed by a first meeting in
Helsinki, May 1989.
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Is the Montreal Protocol working?
Seems to be!!!
Recent observations indicate that chlorine is
beginning to decline in the atmosphere.
Kyoto protocol uses similar approach
Start off with small achievable steps
Further amendments accelerate reductions
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
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What are predictions for the future?
 Model simulations suggest:
– atmospheric chlorine will return to pre-80’s level
In next 50 years or so .
__________________
A slow ozone recovery should follow
decreasing chlorine concentrations!!!
– Uncertainties still remain:
Phase out of CFC’s
 ____________________
Influence of global warming
 ____________________
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What is the connection between ozone
depletion and global warming?
 No direct connection between these environmental
issues.
 However: Global warming may enhance
ozone depletion
 Global warming produces:
– Tropospheric warming &
– Stratospheric cooling
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
What is the connection between ozone
depletion and global warming?
 An increase in greenhouse gases traps more heat
and thus
– The stratosphere tends to cool (stratospheric
cooling)
 Therefore, if the stratosphere cools, then
 Ozone hole chemistry
– PSCs will likely increase
– So slightly more ozone depletion
 Global warming will delay recovery of ozone layer
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Over the last 100 years, global
tropospheric ozone levels have been
1. increasing
2. decreasing
3. nearly constant
ns
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The chemical that triggers rapid ozone
loss associated with CFCs is
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Methane
Chlorine
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C
1.
2.
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The Antarctic ozone hole develops
during
1.
2.
3.
4.
SH Spring
SH Summer
NH Spring
NH Summer
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Global ozone values are expected to
recover in the next
10 years
30 years
50 years
100 years
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1.
2.
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4.
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Necessities for life
Air
Water
Food
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Drinkable Water (Freshwater)
 Of all the water in the world, 97% is
sea water (salt)
 Freshwater occupies only 3% of the
Earth’s water
 Of the freshwater, 77% of freshwater
is locked up as ice.
 Water is the most important natural
resources in the world.
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Drinkable Water (Freshwater)
Today, over 1 billion people don’t
have access to safe drinking water
Two Sudanese boys drink
with specially fitted plastic
tubes provided by the
Carter Center to guard against
the water-borne larvae
which are responsible for
guinea worm disease.
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Drinkable Water (Freshwater)
The predictions of climate change
suggest that access to fresh water will
be made more difficult
–Changes in location
and quantity of precipitation
–Raising sea levels
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Economic interest
Water
"One of the world's great business
opportunities. It promises to be to the
21st century what oil was to the
20th."
- Fortune Magazine
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Lecture Summary
 Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working
together to manage a global environmental concern.
 The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather
___________ and chemistry (___________).
 The Ozone hole develops during _______ over Antarctica.
 Global ozone trends are ___________ except in the tropics,
 Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___ or more
years.
Stratospheric ozone: decreasing, tropospheric ozone increasing
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Lecture Summary
 Ozone depletion is good example of science and policy working
together to manage a global environmental concern.
 The Ozone hole is produced by unique combination of weather
cold temps and chemistry (___ chlorine ________).
___________
 The Ozone hole develops during __ spring _____ over Antarctica.
 Global ozone trends are __ negative _________ except in the
tropics,
50 or more
 Global ozone trends are expected to recover in next ___
years.
Stratospheric ozone: increasing, tropospheric ozone decreasing
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Human activity
Climate and Weather
Climate Change
Science Understanding
Policy Maker
successful example is Response to Ozone Hole
Your opinion…
Global warming is under way?
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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The US should sign the Kyoto Protocol
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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Government should act to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions even if it
means raising energy prices
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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If you were going to help mitigate global
warming, which change would you feel
most comfortable making.
1. Taking public
transport more
2. Paying more for
gasoline
3. Altering your food
choices
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Global warming will affect your life?
Strongly Agree
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I would vote for a law that raises gasoline
taxes by $0.05 per gallon to improve energy
efficiency
1. Yes
2. No
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I would vote for a law that raises gasoline
taxes by $0.25 per gallon to improve energy
efficiency
1. Yes
2. No
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I would vote for a law that raises gasoline
taxes by $1.00 per gallon to improve energy
efficiency
1. Yes
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate
change, I’m willing to reduce the number of
miles I drive and fly
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate
change, I’m willing to change my diet
Strongly Agree
Agree
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Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I will
encourage my friends and family to reduce energy
use
Strongly Agree
Agree
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Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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To help mitigate the impacts of climate change, I feel
compelled to do whatever I can to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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Local Action: Does It Make a
Difference?
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful,
committed citizens can change the world;
indeed it’s the only thing that ever has.
-- Margaret Mead.
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Purchasing
(new concept!)
 Consider the implication when you buy something.
– Was the product produced in an environmentally
friendly manner.
– Were the people who made the product treated
fairly.
– Do the values of the company selling the product
match your own.
– Low price doesn’t always mean the best deal for
everybody…
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Goal of education
Critical Thinking
So don’t be afraid to contemplate, examine and
analyze…or in simple words…think.
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Tips to reduce
 Transport
– Drive less
– Public transport
– Carpool
– Do errands on one trip
– Don’t idle car
– Check tire pressure
 Residential
– Check home insulation
– Turn off electrical appliances (lights, TV, computers) when not
in use
– Replace standard light bulbs with low energy bulbs
– Monitor your home heating/cooling by using thermostats
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MET 112 Global Climate Change
Tips (continued)
 Reduce your waste
– Consider the packaging when purchasing
goods.
– Reuse bags
– Recycle
 Purchasing Power
– Buy energy efficient light bulbs
– Consider fuel economy when purchasing a
vehicle
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For future
A child enjoys clean water
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