Transcript Sheffner_Cabon_Sequstration_CCyle

ESIP Federation Summer Meeting 2008
Durham, New Hampshire
Carbon Cycle Cluster
(Carbon Management)
Led by
Ed Sheffner
Earth Science Division - NASA Ames Research Center
[email protected]
650-604-5899
July 17, 2008
ESIP Federation Session on
Carbon Management
Cluster Session Objectives:
– Carbon management update: NASA/ARC
– Agency Presentations
• DOE/ORNL on DAAC activities
• Other agencies
– Development of a vision statement for the
cluster
ESIP Fed. and Carbon Management
Responses to climate change:
– Mitigation: actions to reduce or reverse the
drivers of global warming
• Reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
• Increase long term GHG sequestration
– Adaptation: actions to plan for and reduce the
impact of global warming
• Predict, and plan for, ecological changes and impacts.
North America is currently
a net carbon source.
A net terrestrial sink of 500 ± 250 Mt C yr-1 is equivalent to about
30% of North American fossil fuel emissions in 2003.
*Source: The First State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR): November 2007
Carbon Management
Who leads - Who Follows
• Mitigation and adaptation responses are led at the
national
and state levels. To date, national responses
are typically voluntary; states are defining and
implementing mandatory
actions.
• National responses:
– Federal actions are focused on research - drivers and
impacts of climate change; carbon sources, sinks and fluxes
at all scales, etc, and volutary actions such as 1605B.
– Non-governmental national initiatives, such as the Chicago
Climate Exchange, are voluntary, market driven systems
that may become broader and mandatory in the future.
• State/regional/local responses:
– State governments, acting alone or in voluntary associations,
are leading efforts in the US.
Carbon Management National Response:
Chicago Climate Exchange
• http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/
• “The world’s first and North America’s only active
voluntary, legally binding, integrated trading system to
reduce emissions of all six major greenhouse gases
(GHGs), with offset projects worldwide.”
• …”the only active standardized system in North
America requiring a rigorous level of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions reporting, verification and compliance.”
• “CCX issues tradable Carbon Financial Instrument (CFI™)
contracts to owners or aggregators of eligible projects on
the basis of sequestration, destruction or displacement of
GHG emissions. Eligible projects include: agricultural
methane, landfill methane, coal mine methane, agricultural
and rangeland soil carbon, forestry and renewable energy.”
Carbon Management National Response:
Chicago Climate Exchange
Specifications for soil carbon management offset conservation tillage
• Minimum five year contractual commitment to continuous
no-till or striptill (conservation tillage) on enrolled acres.
• Tillage practice must leave at least two-thirds of the soil
surface undisturbed and at least two-thirds of the
residue remaining on the field surface.
• CCX CFI contracts are issued for conservation tillage at a
rate between 0.2 and 0.6 metric tons CO2 per acre per
year.
• Carbon sequestration projects must be enrolled through a
CCX registered Offset Aggregator.
• All projects subject to independent verification.
Source: Chicago Climate Exchange - http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/content.jsf?id=781
Source: Chicago Climate Exchange - http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/content.jsf?id=781
Agricultural Land Use Impacts on Soil Carbon Storage
References for the Data Set:
• Eve, M.D., M. Sperow, K. Paustian, and R. Follett. 2002. National-scale estimation of changes in soil carbon
stocks on agricultural lands. Environmental Pollution, 116: 431-438.
• USDA National Resources Inventory (NRI): http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/
NASA/USDA Carbon Cycle Science project: CO2 Fluxes Between Agricultural Lands and the
Atmosphere: Towards More Complete Accounting by Integrating Remote Sensing with
Simulation Modeling PI: Stephen Ogle, Colorado State University
Annual Net Ecosystem Flux of Carbon --
-
2004 from MODIS inputs
C Source
C Sink
-250
-25000
-125
-12500
00
+125
12500
g C m-2 yr -1
+250
25000
Carbon Management State Response:
Individual and Collective Action
• Examples of state associations:
–
Western Regional Climate Initiative (WCI): Arizona,
California, New Mexico, Oregon and Washington
• http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/
–
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) - Nine
Northeastern states
•
http://www.rggi.org/about.htm
• Common element among these associations is a
cap and trade approach.
Western Regional Climate Action Initiative
April ‘07
WCI Objectives:
• Set an overall regional goal within six months to
reduce emissions from member states collectively,
and consistent with state-by-state goals.
• Develop within 18 months a design for a regional
market based multi-sector mechanism, such as a
load-based cap and trade program to achieve the
regional GHG reduction goal.
• Participate in a multi-state GHG registry to enable
tracing, management and crediting for entities that
reduce GHG emissions, consistent with state GHG
reporting mechanisms and requirements.
Western Climate Initiative Current Participants
Go to: http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/ for list
of current members and links to activities of each.
NASA Impact on AB32
Source: http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/background/index.html
California AB32 Requires
the Air Resources Board to:
• Establish a statewide GHG emissions cap for 2020,
based on 1990 emissions by January 1, 2008.
• Adopt mandatory reporting rules for significant
sources of greenhouse gases by January 1, 2008.
• Adopt a plan by January 1, 2009 indicating how
emission reductions will be achieved from significant
GHG sources via regulations, market mechanisms and
other actions.
• Adopt regulations by January 1, 2011 to achieve the
maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective
reductions in GHGs, including provisions for using both
market mechanisms and alternative compliance
mechanisms.
California AB32 Requires
the Air Resources Board to: (Continued)
• Convene an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee
and an Economic and Technology Advancement
Advisory Committee to advise ARB.
• Ensure public notice and opportunity for comment for
all ARB actions.
• Prior to imposing any mandates or authorizing market
mechanisms, requires ARB to evaluate several factors,
including but not limited to: impacts on California’s
economy, the environment, and public health; equity
between regulated entities; electricity reliability,
conformance with other environmental laws, and to
ensure that the rules do not disproportionately impact
low-income communities.
• Adopt a list of discrete, early action measures by July
1, 2007 that can be implemented before January 1,
2010 and adopt such measures.
Key elements of ARB’s preliminary (June 2008)
recommendation for reducing California’s greenhouse
gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 include:
• Expansion and strengthening of existing energy efficiency
programs and building and appliance standards;
• Expansion of the Renewables Portfolio Standard to 33%;
• Development of a California cap-and-trade program
that links with other WCI Partner programs to create
a regional market system;
• Implementation of existing state laws and policies,
including California’s clean car standards, goods movement
measures, and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard;
• Targeted fees to fund the State’s long-term commitment
to AB 32 administration.
Table 2 in Draft Plan
Other Info on State GHG
Reduction Programs
Pew Center for Global Climate Change:
http://www.pewclimate.org/states.cfm?ID=52
ASCENDS Mission: (Active Sensing of CO2
Emissions Over Nights, Days and Seasons)
• A NASA Decadal Survey Mission to produce global
column CO2 measurements using laser remote sensing
of CO2 and O2.
• Mission goals:
– Quantify global spatial distributions of atmospheric CO2 on
scales of weather models in the 2010-2020 era;
–
Quantify current global spatial distribution of terrestrial
and oceanic sources and sinks of CO2 on 1º x 1º grids at
weekly resolution;
–
Provide a scientific basis for future projections of CO2
sources and sinks through data-driven enhancements of
Earth system process modeling.
ASCENDS Mission Workshop
Planning workshop for ASCENDS: July 23-25, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor
• Workshop information: http://cce.nasa.gov/ascends/index.htm
• Goals:
– Discuss and refine the science goals for active CO2
measurements from space;
•
– Discuss the merits and limitations of potential measurement
strategies to achieve these science goals;
– Define and refine the links between the open science
questions and the measurement requirements;
– Identify requirements for technological development to
insure mission success;
– Identify and prioritize science requirements, summarize
open questions, and recommend further studies needed to
further the readiness of the ASCENDS mission.
DESDynI Mission: (Deformation, Ecosystem
Structure and Dynamics of Ice)
• A NASA Decadal Survey Mission to study hazards
and global environmental change using InSAR and
LIDAR
• Mission goals:
– Determine the likelihood of earthquakes, volcanic
–
–
–
eruptions, and landslides.
Predict the response of ice sheets to climate change and
impact on the sea level.
Characterize the effects of changing climate and land use
on species habitats and carbon budget.
Monitor the migration of fluids associated with
hydrocarbon production and groundwater resources.
• Mission Information:
http://desdyni.jpl.nasa.gov/
OCO Mission:
(Orbiting Carbon Observatory)
• A NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP)
mission to collect precise measurements of CO2 in
the atmosphere.
• Launch date: January 15, 2009. (Same date as
GOSAT: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/gosat/index_e.html)
• OCO will be the leading platform in the “A Train”
ahead of Aqua. Two year mission life.
• Mission Information: http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/
• OCO will observe three spectral bands for CO2 and
one band for O2.
– Three modes of operation - nadir, glint and target.
– Products: calibrated radiances and geolocated XCO2
available 30 days after collection (starting summer 2009).
END
Ed Sheffner
Earth Science Division - NASA Ames Research Center
[email protected]
650-604-5899
Western Climate Initiative
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