Transcript Gender and Climate Change - European Capacity Building Initiative

Gender and Climate Change
Anju Sharma (Head, Publications and Policy Analysis Unit, ecbi)
european capacity building initiative
ecbi
european capacity building initiative
initiative européenne de renforcement des capacités
ecbi
for sustained capacity building in support of international climate change negotiations
pour un renforcement durable des capacités en appui aux négociations internationales
sur les changements climatiques
who live on less than a dollar a day are women
75% of the illiterate adults in the world are women
The vulnerability and capacity of a social group to adapt or change depends on their
assets.
Women tend to have less or limited access to assets
(physical, financial, human, social and natural capital).
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An analysis of credit schemes in five African countries
found that women received less than 10% of the credit
awarded to male smallholders
70% of those
Gender inequalities exist in the access to valuable resources such as land, health
care, food, education, training, knowledge, credit, agricultural inputs, technology, and
decision-making power.
Climate change exacerbates the condition of women, and their ability to deal with it.
In developing countries, women produce 60-80% of the food despite
lack of access to farmland, low level of technological training and
knowledge, and lack of financial assistance
The High Court of Tanzania used CEDAW provisions
to overrule elements of customary law which
denied women the right to inherit and sell land
However, 187 out of the 195
UNFCCC Parties have signed
CEDAW, adopted by the UNGA in
1979.
An Optional Protocol to CEDAW,
adopted in December 1999,
establishes procedures whereby
women may file complaints
requesting investigation of
violations of rights.
Convention on the
Elimination of All
Forms of
Discrimination
Against Women(CEDAW);
1997
the Millennium Declaration
(2000); the Johannesburg Plan
of Implementation (World Summit
on Sustainable Development
(WSSD), 2002); the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD);
the UN Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD); and
the Hyogo Framework for Action
(World Conference on Disaster
Reduction, 2005)
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The UNFCCC and the
Kyoto Protocol have
no specific language
related to gender.
Agenda 21 (United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development, 1992); the World
Conference on Human Rights
(1993); the Beijing Platform
for Action (4th World
Conference on Women, 1995); the
UNCCD established an early link between the
environmental situation, gender equality and
social participation. However, gender and the
role of women is frequently viewed as no more
than rhetoric, with a vacuum in terms of
concrete activities – perhaps as a result of
limited capacity.
CBD appointed a gender focal point in 2008,
and adopted a Gender Plan of Action in 2008,
for the 2008-2012 period. One of the main
results will be the development of a Gender
and Biodiversity Web Portal and the design
and dissemination of guidelines to incorporate
gender considerations into the National
Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
(NBSAP).
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CBD and the UNCCD are relatively more
advanced in the mainstreaming of equality and
equity considerations.
GENDER AND MITIGATION
Because of the technical nature of the mitigation negotiations; or because
women are seen mainly in the context of their ‘vulnerability’, instead of major
environmental and agricultural producers in the world?
They are mainly absent from international and national dialogues on mitigation.
They are poorly represented in planning and decision-making processes in
climate change policies, limiting their capacity to engage in political decisions.
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Women have a key role in ensuring energy supply and security at the household
level; carbon capture, fixing or sequestration through forestry/ REDD; and
sustainable consumption.
Both women and men are affected by climate change, but existing inequalities
determine who is most impacted by natural disasters.
Factors responsible for the greater vulnerability of women: environmental, physical,
economic, and social which includes: political, ideological and cultural, educational,
institutional and organisational.
Men and women have different needs and interests in adaptation efforts.
Women bring unique perspectives and knowledge essential for adaptation measures
and policies.
Limited attention to gender participation/ elements in the NAPAs.
Need to take on gender-related lessons from the disaster risk management
community.
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GENDER AND ADAPTATION
Every aspect of technological intervention
including needs, information, enabling
environments, capacity building and technology
transfer has a gender component which will
affect its final outcome.
Agencies involved in climate related
technologies – such as the GEF – have mostly
overlooked the degree of difference in the
technology needs and preferences of climate
change on women and men.
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GENDER AND TECHNOLOGY
GENDER AND CLIMATE FINANCE
Not a single woman in the High Level Advisory Group on Climate
Change Financing!
• fragmentation and complexity. Greater coherence and simplification
of processes will enable women to participate more effectively.
• centralised decision-making with lack of adequate
representation/democratic deficit. limited participation of key
stakeholders in the formulation, design, implementation and monitoring
of the projects and programmes financed.
• bias towards mitigation and large-scale capital intensive energy
projects. Fewer community-based; subsistence based; sustainable
transport; integrated ecosystem management projects.
• private sector and market based mechanisms. The private sector
tends to ignore the impacts of its actions on women’s land-use options,
incomes and livelihoods, food affordability and the related cost of living
including the price of land. Women’s involvement in the carbon market
is limited.
• threat of rebranding development finance. Gender equality
interventions in many poor developing countries have been highly
dependent on aid and public finance streams
A World Bank
review of 121
rural water
supply
projects found
that women’s
participation
was among the
variables
strongly
associated
with project
effectiveness.
Failure to
take gender
differences
and
inequalities
into account
could result
in failed
projects
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Women’s access to climate finance affected by many of the elements
that affect access by other vulnerable sections of society – including:
The Adaptation Fund Board, at its 11th meeting, committed to take gender considerations into
account in the revised Operational Policies and Guidelines.
•Does the project / programme provide economic, social and environmental benefits, with
particular reference to the most vulnerable communities, including gender considerations?
•Are relevant targets and indicators disaggregated by sex?
The Template or Project/Programme Proposals requests countries to:
•Describe how the project/programme provides economic, social and environmental benefits,
with particular reference to the most vulnerable communities, and groups within communities,
including gender considerations.
•Describe the consultative process, including the list of stakeholders consulted, undertaken
during project preparation, with particular reference to vulnerable groups, including gender
considerations.
Instructions for Preparing a Request for Project/ Programme Funding from the Adaptation Fund
instruct program countries to:
•List the stakeholders consulted, including vulnerable communities, including gender
considerations, and the methods of consultation.
•Specify how typically marginalised groups, such as women, will be involved in and benefit from
the project/programme.
•Include monitoring and evaluation arrangements including budgeted M&E plan and sex
disaggregated targets and indicators.
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The Project and Programme Review Criteria ask:
The Green Climate Fund has an opportunity integrate a gender perspective from the outset, with a
gender policy and gender implementation plan of action to guide its policies, procedures and
structures.
Coherence and simplicity in access, by government and non-government actors
Direct access, to promote country / stakeholder ownership – and access by sub-national groups
from civil society
Mainstreaming with existing development processes and gender sensitive polices
At least 50% of the funds for adaptation
 ‘Additionality’ to development finance
A redress or appeals mechanism for all stakeholders, including women
 Only a supplementary role for the private sector, with safeguards in place to account for and
mitigate the negative impacts of market actions on women’s access to resources such as
land
Strengthened climate change communication, education, training and public awareness at
all levels, taking into account gender-based differences in access to information and ensuring
balanced representation of men and women
 A focus on micro projects, including in agriculture and natural resource management
 A focus also on mitigation activities that enhance women’s livelihoods and rights
 Regular monitoring to ensure that gender objectives are being met.
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In addition to the elements adopted by the AF, it should ensure:
produced by the Global Climate Change Alliance
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With thanks to the Training Manual on Gender and Climate Change,