Transcript PM2.5 Designations

EPA’s Climate Change
Strategy
Robert J. Meyers
Principal Deputy Assistant
Administrator
U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation
December 3, 2007
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U.S. Climate Change Strategy
• Slow the growth of GHG emissions
– Reduce emissions intensity (tons/$GDP) by 18% between 2002
and 2012
– Strengthen domestic and international programs: ENERGY
STAR, Climate Leaders, non-CO2 Programs
• GHG Rulemaking – In response to Mass. v. EPA
• Invest in technology
– Focus on long term R&D
• Invest in science
– Research and assessment to reduce scientific uncertainties and
better understand climate change impacts
• Enhance international cooperation
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EPA Energy and Climate Programs
In 2006 alone, EPA climate partnerships prevented 70 million metric tons of
carbon-equivalent GHG emissions, contributing to the 100 million tons in total
EPA-led reductions that year.
120.0
100.0
80.0
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40.0
20.0
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MMTCE Avoided
140.0
Year
ENERGY STAR
Clean Energy/Waste Reduction
Methane
Voluntary High-GWP Gases
Transport
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History of GHG Rule
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January 23, 2007 - President calls for a commitment to reduce petroleum-based
gasoline consumption by 20% by 2017 through renewable and alternative fuels
 15% reduction in 2017 translates into a target of ~35B gallons of renewable and
alternative fuel use in transportation system.
 5% through vehicle efficiency improvements; equivalent of ~4% per year
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April 2, 2007 - Supreme Court rules that EPA must take action under Clean Air
Act regarding greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles
 CO2 is a pollutant
 EPA must use different criteria to base decision on whether or not to regulate
(Endangerment finding)
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April 9, 2007 National Renewable Fuels Standard – Final Rule Announced
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May 14, 2007 - President signs Executive Order requiring coordination among
federal agencies tasked with development of any regulations affecting
greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles
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Process and Timeline for GHG Rule
Everything Remains Under Consideration – No Final Decisions
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Currently, within this process, we are looking at three major areas of work:
– Endangerment finding
– Vehicle regulations
– Fuel regulations
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General Process/Consideration
– Substantial dialogue & coordination
• Departments of Energy, Agriculture, Transportation and more
– Address both vehicle and fuels – “Systems Approach”
– When setting standards consider
• technology, cost, and lead time
• safety, energy, benefits/impacts
• flexible implementation mechanisms
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Schedule
– Notice of Proposed Rulemaking by end of 2007
– Final Rule by end of 2008
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Endangerment Findings
• Endangerment finding is prerequisite to
standard setting
• Under Section 202 of the Clean Air Act:
– The Administrator shall by regulation prescribe
standards applicable to the emission of any air
pollutant(s) from motor vehicles, “which in his judgment
cause, or contribute to, air pollution which may
reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or
welfare.”
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CAA Authority for Vehicles
• Primary authority to regulate motor vehicle
emissions falls under Section 202(a)(1):
– “The Administrator shall by regulation prescribe …standards
applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or
classes of new motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines which in
his judgment cause or contribute to air pollution which may
reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.”
• First EPA rule to regulate GHG emissions from cars
and trucks
• EPA and NHTSA technical teams jointly evaluating
potential vehicle technologies to reduce GHGs and
improve fuel economy
– Carefully assessing feasibility, lead time and costs
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CAA Authority for Fuels
• For All Fuels:
– 211(c) allows EPA to set controls on fuels as a means
for reducing emissions of an air pollutant that
endangers public health or welfare
• Renewable Fuels Only:
– CAA 211(o) added by EPAct (2005) would allow us to
require greater volumes of renewable fuels, but by
itself is limited in scope
• Alternative fuels cannot be included
• Higher volumes could not be specified prior to 2013
• Several restrictions (e.g., 48 state, gasoline only)
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Key Fuels Analyses
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Basis/form of standard
Trading & implementation mechanisms
Lifecycle GHG and energy analysis
Emissions inventories for criteria pollutants & GHGs
Air quality analysis
Benefits analysis
Economic impacts
Feasibility & costs
Energy impacts, energy security
Agricultural impacts
Impacts on water quality, soil, pesticides, etc
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Differentiating Between Fuels on a GHG Basis
For Demonstration Purposes Only
Most values derived from RFS rule. Does not account for all inputs in LC Modeling
Percent Change in GHG Emissions
143%
150%
100%
50%
9%
7%
0%
-1%
-8%
-50%
-47%
-56%
-28%
-35%
-41%
-23%
-22%
-20%
-68%
-100%
-91%
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Sources: EPA Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Expanded Renewable and Alternative Fuels Use EPA420-F-07-035, April 2007
*Preliminary results from National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) 10% biomass by energy
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U.S. EPA Climate Change Web Site:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange
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