Transcript Overview Global and Pakistans Water Resources

LEAD PAKISTAN
MEETING ON WATER
WATER MANAGEMENT
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
KHALID MOHTADULLAH
18 December 2014
Islamabad
IRRIGATED AREAS
NWFP
Disputed Territory
PUNJAB
BALOCHISTAN
SINDH
AREA
Presently
Irrigated
Areas
Ongoing
Schem
Sindh
6.5 MA
1.0 MA
Punjab
33.4 MA
1.5 MA
NWFP
2.3 MA
0.5 MA
Balochistan
2.2 MA
0.8 MA
TOTAL
44.4 MA
3.8 2
MA
Irrigated Agriculture Sector







Single most important sector of the economy
contributing almost one-quarter of the GDP
Supports 70% of the population
Employs 44 to 50 % of the labor force
Directly or indirectly responsible for 60 –70 % of
export earnings
Irrigated lands produce 80 % of agricultural production
Uses more than 90% of the nations water resources
Growth in this sector holds the key to poverty
alleviation and economic growth
3
WHY IS WATER MANAGEMENT
IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN
• WATER AVAILABILITY HAS REDUCED TO
1050CUM/CAPITA (CHRONIC STRESS)
• WATER SHORTAGE IS PROJECTED AT
14.9MAF (PCRWR 1994)
• 70-75% OF SURFACE WATER BECOMES
AVAILABLE DURING 3 MONTH
• STORAGES ARE DEPLETING IN CAPACITY
• DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF WATER TO
SEA
4
WHY WATER MANAGEMENT IS
IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN (contd)
• G/WATER LEVELS ARE GOING DOWN AND
•
•
•
•
•
QUALITY IS DETERIORATING
MORE THAN 50% OF ALL DISEASES ARE
WATER RELATED
MORE THAN 90% 0F EXPORTS ARE
AGRI-BASED
FINANCIAL RESOURCES ARE SCARCE
STRONG WATER-POVERTY NEXUS
IMPORTANT WATER FOOD AND ENEGY
NEXUS
5
6
Water use in 2000 and projections 2025
120
100
MAF
80
60
40
20
0
Industry
Water supply Agriculture
and
sanitation
Water use 2000
Requirements 2025
7
Other uses and requirements
12
10
8
bcm 6
4
2
0
Municipal
Indutrial
REQUIREMENTS Year 2000
Environments
REQUIREMENTS Year 2025
8
9
Land productivity--- very poor
Comparison of major crops yields
10
Tons/ha
8
6
4
2
0
Pakistan
India
Wheat
Egypt
Rice
China
Cotton
USA
10
Water productivity---extremely
poor
Comparison with other countries
3
tons/ cub. m
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Pakistan
India
Wheat
California
Maize
Argentina
11
Water quality
12
Population Vs Water
1200
Water/person
200
-1
1400
250
-1
1600
1000
150
800
400
50
Population
3
600
100
200
0
0
1961
1968
1978
1987
Years
2000
2013
m water person yr
Population (millions)
300
2025
13
Per Capita Storage Capacity in
different Countries
14
Water services financing—gap
between requirements and returns
15
Governance Issues
More than water scarcity, the crisis is of
governance
 Sector is too fragmented
 Too many institutions managing it
 Too many laws governing it
 Erosion of institutional capacity
 No one responsible for Basin’s integrity
 Limited user participation
 Water is not seen as socio-economic good but
more as a social good
 Poor financing of water services
16
Governance Issues

Weak dispute resolution mechanisms
 CCI remained inactive, political support for
dispute resolution remained weak
 Absence of basin approach for development
and management of water resources
17
CLIMATE CHANGE
. This is one of our greatest worries because so much
depends on it
. Climate change is no longer an issue for the distant
future, it is already taking place, and in this region,
particularly the poorest people, are most at risk.
. The impacts of higher temperatures, more variable
precipitation, more extreme weather events, and sea level
rise are already being felt and will continue to intensify.
. These changes are having major impacts on the economic
performance of Pakistan and on the lives and livelihoods
of millions of its poor people.
. The impacts result not only from gradual changes in
temperature and sea level but also, in particular, from
increased climate variability and extremes, including more
Intense floods, droughts, and storms.
Source: Climate change Panel
18
CLIMATE CHANGE
SOME FUTURE IMPACTS
. Glacier melting in the Himalayas is projected to increase
flooding and will affect water resources within the next
two to three decades.
. Climate change will compound the pressures on natural
resources and the environment due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization, and economic development.
• Crop yields could decrease up to 30% in South Asia by
the mid-21st century including Pakistan
• Mortality due to diarrhea primarily associated with floods
and droughts will rise
19
CLIMATE CHANGE
(CONSEQUENCES)
. Decreased water availability and water quality in many arid
and semiarid regions
• Increased risk of floods and droughts in many regions
• reduction in water regulation in mountain habitats
• decreases in reliability of hydropower and biomass
production
• increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as
malaria, dengue, and cholera
• increased damages and deaths caused by extreme
weather events
• decreased agricultural productivity
• adverse impacts on fisheries
• adverse effects on many ecological systems
• Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm surge,
erosion and other coastal hazards
THIS SHOWS NEED FOR URGENT MEASURES FOR
ABATING ABOVE CONSEQUENCES
20
Glaciers of HKH Region
21
HKH
GLACIERS
1989-10-09
2000-10-31
22
BIAFO GLACIER
23
Summary of Issues















Water scarcity
Uneven water availability during and between years
Drought
Poor system delivery efficiency
Waterlogging and salinization inc: secondary salinity
Groundwater management
Disposal of drainage effluent
Poor land and water productivity
Climate change
Lack of user participation
Weakened institutional capacity
Poor governance
Water and Poverty linkage
Financing water infrastructure (O&M, Rehabilitation and Development)
IWRM
24
REASONS FOR GROWING
WATER SCARCITY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
POPULATION GROWTH
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION NEEDS
FOOD SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
DEPLETING STORAGE CAPACITY
ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS
DECLINING WATERTABLES
INCREASING POLLUTION
AGEING INFRASTRUCTURE
CROPPING PATTERNS
URBANIZATION
INDUSTRIAL DEMAND
25
LACK OF PROPER LAWS FOR USAGE
REASONS FOR GROWING
WATER SCARCITY (contd)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
INEQUITY AND POVERTY
CAPACITY EROSION
DESERTIFICATION
DROUGHT
WATERSHEDS AND ECO-SYSTEMS
CLIMATE CHANGE
WATER GOVERNANCE (INSTITUTIONS)
ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER
INSUFFICIENT WATER WISDOM
26
Way Forward – Practical Steps









Promote integrated development of water resources (River
Basin)
Protect natural water bodies
Water quality management
Wastewater reuse and use of saline water in agriculture
Conserve and protect the resource
Water savings (high efficiency irrigation and new cropping
patterns)
Add reservoirs to offset siltation and meet growing needs
Water for Hydropower (high potential and non
consumptive nature)
Climate change impacts (drought and flood management)
27
Way Forward (Contd)

Focus on increasing water use and water delivery efficiency
 Facilitate faithful implementation of 1991 water accord
 Establish transparent equity in distribution in canal commands
 System rehabilitation and modernization
 Increase productivity of land and water (cropping patterns, land
leveling, lining in saline areas, micro irrigation etc)
 Hydrologic database for surface and groundwater (collection,
processing and transparent sharing)
 Groundwater management (rights regulation and control)
 Promote conjunctive use of surface and groundwater
 Adequacy of drainage
 Reach Drainage accord for safe disposal of drainage effluent
 Increase coordination between user organizations particularly between
irrigation and agriculture
28
Way Forward (Contd)











Economic value of water and its correct pricing (O&M)
Increase public-private sector partnerships
Increase user participation at all levels
Basin management approach
Raise political will
Capacity building in technical and management areas
Research coordination and support
Water poverty mapping for identifying water poor areas for
effective investment in the sector
Promote small scale developments in outside command
areas where there are deep pockets of poverty (through
community participation)
Invigorate the reform process already underway
29
Strengthen office of Indus Water Commissioner

I want to leave you with three key messages
 1. Using more than 95% of our fresh water
in agriculture is not tenable keeping in view
growing population and diminishing water
supplies
 2. We have to save water in all water use
sectors, and every drop that is stored is a
drop saved
 3. We have to build strong resilience to
combat CC through effective capacity
building at all levels for improved water
management
30

I want to leave you with three key messages
 1. Using more than 95% of our fresh water
in agriculture is not tenable keeping in view
growing population and diminishing water
supplies
 2. We have to save water in all water use
sectors, and every drop that is stored is a
drop saved
 3. We have to build strong resilience to
combat CC through effective capacity
building for improved water management
32
Governance institutions

Federal
– Ministry of water and
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
power
Min. of Science and
Technology
Min. of Agriculture
Min. of Environment
Atomic Energy
Commission
WAPDA, IRSA, FFC, CEA
IWASRI
PCRWR
Federal Water Management
Cell

Provincial
– Irrigation departments
– PIDAs
– Local government dept
– Line agencies
33
Laws and Regulations

Federal
– WAPDA Act 1958
– Water Accord 1991
– IRSA ACT 1992
– Environment Act 1992
– Council of Common
Interests(Constitutional
body)

Provincial
– Irrigation and Drainage
Act 1873
– Balochistan Water
Ordinannce 1980
– Punjab Soil
Reclamation Act 1952
– PIDAs Atc 1997
– Water Users
Association Act 1982
34