Transcript - adaptation

Gender
Mainstreaming in
VRA
Lucy Wanjiru and Khamarunga
Gender
• Gender is a social cultural
construct
• If a social construct it can also
be deconstructed
• If gender is mainstreamed in
the CBA projects this also
offers a chance for
deconstruction towards a
more equitable society – SD
outcomes
Gender Mainstreaming in VRA
• Gender mainstreaming is a strategy to
promote empowerment of women, men,
boys and girls
• Assist enable women to critically analyze
their situation
• Gain skills and build confidence, move
into decision making roles
• Aim is to make women agents of change
and not recipients of development in
transforming gender relations
VRA
Participatory Impact Assessment (PIA),
Community perception to CC
Vulnerability to CC
(access to and control
over resource)
Capacity Cto Adapt
(women/men/boys girls)
VRA defined
• a comprehensive M&E framework, including
locally defined impact indicators and quantitative
portfolio-level indicators.
• Taking a semi-structured and context-informed
approach, the VRA is designed not only to
measure the success of an individual project,
but to aggregate (Gender tools) and compare
project impacts across a diverse portfolio of
project contexts, demonstrating programmewide impact
VRA
• The VRA is based on:
– a composite of 4 indicator questions (gender indicators could be
factored in)
– tailored to capture locally-relevant issues that are at the heart of
understanding local vulnerability to climate change (knowledge
of both men and women).
– Questions are posed during a series of 3-4 community meetings
over the period of a CBA project (participation, roles
responsibilities, access and control of resources).
– Responses to the questions take the form of a numerical score,
provided by the respondents during these community meetings
(sex-disaggregated data, life histories).
• The key quantitative output of the VRA is the degree
of change from the baseline score between the preproject baseline, and at project conclusion (outcome
increased empowerment of women as access,
control over resources as well as decision making,
voice).
VRA defined
• change in vulnerability.
– is assessed through the degree of change in the VRA
scores relative to baseline values established prior to
the commencement of project activities.
• In the context of the UNDP Community-Based
Adaptation programme, the aggregated VRA
scores of all CBA projects serve as an objectivelevel indicator, measuring achievements in
terms of improving capacity of community
beneficiaries to adapt to climate variability and
change.
Principles of VRA
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Equity/Equality
Flexibility
Context specific
Community based
Capacity building
Enables aggregation
of results – assess
programmatic impact
• Poverty reduction
• volunteerism
Gender Approaches
• Women-in-Development (WID) practical needs
– Aims at addressing peoples basic needs, material
needs for day-to-day life) Challenges existing gender
roles and division of labor
• Gender and development (GAD) strategic
needs) aims for empowerment
– Approach on roles and relationships between men
and women addresses power relations aims at
promotion of empowerment equity/equality and
Sustainable development
Though in practices sometimes no fixed lines of demarcation and a
project can address both
Key issues around mainstreaming
• Gender tools used upfront fitted in overall
project/project cycle
• Gender approach is not just an activity
• Must be included in project phases
• Have a clear goal/outcome
• There a number of frameworks
– Gender assessments
– Gender Analysis Framework
– Longwe framework for empowerment
VRA –gender entry points
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Project Design –
Targeting
Indicators
Outputs (how many meetings, etc)
General outcomes
Key Phases in VRA
• Project design/Situational Analysis
• Stakeholder consultation
• Implementation
• Reassessment phases of SC
(participation of women and men/ girls and
boys)
Project design/Situational Analysis
• Motivation for project is to address a specific
programme
– Identification of entry point
– Review dependent on various perspectives
Questions
– What is the culture of the area?
– How have relationships defined themselves?
– What are the gendered issues in the area?
– What are the interest how do they differ women men/
girls boys etc?
Gender Analysis Matrix
Tasks &
skills
Women
Men
Households
community
Workload
Resources/be
nefits
Socio-cultural
issues
Gender analysis Matrix (GAM)
• Analysis is used at planning stage to determine
whether the potential gender impacts of the
projects are desirable and consistence with the
project purpose and goal. The impact will be
examined in terms of:
– Tasks and skills (changes in tasks, level of skills
required
– Workload – changes in amount and time
– Resources/ benefits – changes in access to
resources and benefits
– Socio-cultural – changes in social aspects of
participants and community lives as a result of the
project
Gender Analysis
• Who does what work?
• How does it differ between men and
women?
• Who has access and control over
resources?
• Who participates in decision making?
• Who’s needs are being meet?
Where possible use sex-disaggregated data
Other Issues GAM would help
reveal
Access/control
• It is also important to differentiate between
access (such as being able to farm on
someone else’s land) and control (owning
that land, being able to decide how that
land is used).
• Having women control the means of
production or the decision making process
is key to bringing about change.
Stakeholder consultation
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Who are the different stakeholders
Opportunity for participation (voice and space)
What are their interests?
How do this different between the different
genders?
• How will men and women be affected by
proposed project?
• What is the capacity for women and men to
participate in the project?
Implementation
• VRA is both a quantitative and qualitative
assessment tool
– Sex-disaggregated data (show participation of
women, access and control of resource)
– Focus groups of women to have an in-depth
understanding of their issues around their
perceptions and capabilities in terms of CC
– Documentation of life histories
Other Key tools
• Sex desegregation
• In gender analysis, data should be separated out by sex
so that it is in a form that enables the impacts on women
to be identified separately from impacts on men.
• Social construction
• The social origins of the historical subordination of
women are also important to understand. These are
usually manifestations of sexual domination, language
and myths. For example, the concepts of defining how
we construct manhood and womanhood have been
changing throughout history and continue to be changed
by society.
Example
Example
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Niger government addresses gender gap afrol News, 23 June, 2009
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Women in Niger are still far away from achieving equal rights and opportunities as their
male counterparts; the gender gap in Niger is in fact one of the world's largest. The
Nigerien government has however approved a larger programme to reduce this gender
gap and today was awarded international financing of its efforts.
The African Development Fund (ADF) today announced that it had approved of financing
parts of Niger's so-called Gender Equity Reinforcement Project, which is designed to
"reduce the gender gap" in the country. The ADF US$ 4.41 million grant is to contribute to
enhancing the capacities for design, planning and management of gender activities and to
create a social environment that is more conducive to gender equity.
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In Niger, poverty particularly affects women, who represent over 50 percent of the
population. The imbalance noted between women and men in Niger - mainly regarding
legal status, access to resources, responsibilities, participation in decision-making and
access to education, health, information and communication and to legal and judicial
services - has hindered poverty reduction efforts.
According to ADF, the new project "constitutes a major contribution to the government's
Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) with regard to gender promotion in Niger." Through the
various outputs projected, it is to build the capacities of state agencies and private sector
organisations for the "promotion of gender dimensions."
VRA Question
APF Step
VRA Indicator
In these examples, we
consider the case of a
community facing
increasing drought
risks
Logic
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Assessing
current
vulnerabil
ity
1. Vulnerability of
livelihood/welfare
to existing climate
change and/or
climate variability.
Example: What happens
when there is drought?
How does this affect
you and women and
men in your
community?
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Assessing
future
climate
risks
2. Vulnerability of
livelihood/welfare
to developing
climate change
risks.
Example: What would
happen if drought was
twice as frequent?
How would this affect
you and your
community?
Example: What stands in the
way of adapting to
increasing drought?
What means do you or
your community have
to manage events
occurring more
frequently?
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Formulating an
adaptatio
n strategy
3. Magnitude of barriers
(institutional,
policy,
technological,
financial, etc)
barriers to
adaptation.
Continuing the
adaptatio
n process
4. Ability and willingness
of the community
to continue to
manage climate
change risks
Example: Rate your
confidence that the
(project activity) will
continue after the
project period.
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Addresses present climate-related development issues – often the
main climate concern of the community.
Prepares community for the following question that is specific to
anthropogenic climate change by grounding that discussion in a
framework that relates it to present impacts.
During the second VRA meeting and onwards, this indicator will
measure any immediate impacts that project outputs may have had
in reducing short-term weather related risks (“no regrets”
adaptation measures).
Once present context of variability has been discussed, this
indicator focuses the community on their perceptions of likely
impacts of climate change.
This indicator relates to “likely” risks, as identified in the project
proposal and CPS.
Allows the community to begin to consider long-term viability of
livelihood practices in the face of climate change, leading to the
following question.
During the second VRA meeting and onwards, this indicator will
also measure the impact of project outcomes, with respect to longterm climate change risks – confidence that measures in place will
help the community to manage future acute or slow-onset climate
impacts.
This indicator will qualify the above indicator, and focus on the
needs of the community to successfully adapt.
This indicator will identify policy and practical barriers, forming
useful lessons for the country and global programmes.
This indicator links project outputs to their respective outcomes in
vulnerability reduction – given that projects aim to reduce barriers
to adaptation, this indicator measures whether project outputs have
been implemented, and if so, if they have had their desired impact.
This indicator measures the community’s perception of their ability
to continue the adaptation process beyond the defined time period
of a CBA project, including considerations of project sustainability
as well as community buy-in to the project intervention,
VRA H form
Monitoring and Evaluation
Gender lens
• Does the project include specific, measurable actions and
deliverables related to gender mainstreaming, gender equality and
women’s empowerment?
• Has the project/programme assessed potential for contributing to
gender equality and women’s empowerment through planned
activities?
• Has sex-disaggregated baseline data been collected?
• Has the project/programme assessed the potential for contributing
to gender equality and women’s empowerment through planned
activities?
• Have gender specialists or representatives from women's
stakeholders groups participated in all steps of the programme or
project cycle?
• Have all possible steps been taken to ensure gender equity in the
recruitment of project staff and consultants?
Participatory approaches
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Women and men's vision constitute the foundation of participatory local development,
Community as an organization
Recognizing the functional characteristics of the community and its importance
Acknowledging women and local leaders
Identifying local institutions and organizations to work with
Women and men’s Experimentation
Creative use of available resources
Trying new ideas and different options
Selecting and sharing options that work
Valuating local experiences
Learning from experience
Drawing lessons from experiences
Local knowledge management
Action learning
Linkages and cooperation with external partners
Sharing amongst farmers
Linkages with service providers and other stakeholders
Exposure visits to see new techniques in practice
Thanks