Transcript Greening Your Church and School: Energy and Climate Change

Greening Your Church and School:
Energy and Climate Change
What you can do in your Parish, School, and
also in your home
to provide a secure, sustainable, low carbon
future for our children to inherit?
But what of our future in 10 years?
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) Н.К.Тови M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre
School of Environmental Sciences, UEA. Lay Chair: Norwich East Deanery
1
Greening Your Church and School and
Home: Energy and Climate Change
• For the average family where are the largest
uses of energy?
• Which activities in our lives cause the
greatest emission of carbon dioxide?
• What should we do first?
• Will we save money?
2
On average each person in
UK causes the emission of 9
tonnes of CO2 each year.
How many people know what
9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?
5 hot air balloons per person
per year.
• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has
an equivalent volume of 1
party balloon.
"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing
because he thought he could do only a little."
Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)
3
Greening Your Church and School and
Home: Energy and Climate Change
1 holiday to
Mallorca for
family of 4
2 family cars
• small petrol
~ 10000 miles
• medium diesel
~ 12000 miles
Medium size
Detached House
Gas central heating
•Cavity Insulation
•Double Glazing
•100mm Loft Insulation
•Ordinary (non-condensing)
boiler
Heating
Hot Water
Cooking
Refrigeration
Washing/Drying
Entertainment/computing
Lighting
Miscellaneous Electrical Use
Personal Travel by Private Car
Air travel
Public Transport
4
Carbon Emissions in Norfolk
The Behavioural Dimension
Electricity Consumption
kWh in period
4000
3000
1 person
2000
2 people
3 people
1000
4 people
5 people
0
6 people
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
No of people in household
Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound
effect on actual consumption
Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich
For a given size of household electricity consumption for
appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as
much as 9 times.
When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times
6
Electricity Statistics:
Each house in Norwich consumes, 3727 kWh per year.
Broadland
5057 kWh
Breckland
5612 kWh
North Norfolk
5668 kWh
South Norfolk
5797 kWh
Kings Lynn and
West Norfolk
5908 kWh
Great
Yarmouth
5144 kWh
A wind farm the size of Scroby Sands can supply twice domestic
demand of Norwich or 66% on average.
(or 22% of total demand)
Saves ~ 70 000 to 75 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide a year or
40 000 hot air balloons each year.
The alternatives:
Persuade 30 000 motorists never to drive the car again
Or 300 000 motorists to drive 1000 miles less each year.
7
Norwich 3727 kWh per year
N K Tovey - 2007 – 2008
2008 – 2009
3000 kWh
2150 kWh
Energy use in your Church/ School/Home
and our moral responsibilities
•
•
•
•
Monitoring your use of energy.
Do you know where the meter(s) is (are)?
Do you know how to read them?
Do you check that your energy company is charging
you for the correct amount of energy?
• Can you identify areas where you can cut carbon
emissions and save money at the same time.
The Hard Choices affecting us
• Not only Climate Change
• But also Energy Security
• We need to be acting now
8
Case 1
Add extra 200mm
Loft insulation
Saving 2.4%
Fit condensing
boiler – no change
of Loft Insulation
saves 20.1%
9
Social Awareness of Occupational Impact on Climate Change
10
Measuring your gas consumption. Note: some gas meters
read in hundreds of cubic feet, others in cubic meters.
Meters such as this have a label ft3
and they actually measure in hundreds
of cubic feet.
The reading here is
6172.42 hundreds of cubic feet
If previous reading was
6172 . 42
6160.31
A total of 12.11 hundreds of cubic feet
have been consumed.
To work out how must energy has
been used in kWh multiply figure by
31.86
= 385.8 kWh
If the meter reads in cubic metres (m3) then multiply by 11.25 instead
11
How much Energy does your church use?
St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood began taking weekly energy readings in mid July
2009
Gas is used for heating only
Meter readings showed that consistently gas was being consumed (~180 kWh
per week) costing over £9 each week even though the heating was off.
No data
constant
Pilot
consumption
lights
off180
rate
of ~
kWh per
week ~ £10
per week
~35 kg CO2
3 heaters like this are
used to heat church
12
How much Energy does your church use?
St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood
What about turning off Pilot Lights in mid May and back on in mid September?
Saving would be
~£160 per year,
3100 kWh of gas
600 kg CO2
Saving is potentially greater
Pilot lights were all kept off until
4th October.
Only one pilot light was turned
back on that date
3 heaters like this are
used to heat church
Other heaters will be kept off until
needed
One heater now comes on at 08:00
on Sunday to warm up church
13
Greening Your Church and School and
Home: Energy and Climate Change
Weekly Energy Data from St Paul’s Church Tuckswood
No data
Pilot Lights
on only on 3
heaters –
additional
cost £9 per
week
Pilot Lights
turned off
during
week
One
heater
only on
Pilot
lights
off
14
Greening Your Church and School and
Home: Energy and Climate Change
Data from St Pauls
Since Pilot has been back on
• 60% of gas consumption has been just for pilot light.
• 40% for actual heating of Church.
• Proportion likely to get better towards mid winter
But experiment.
• Keep only one pilot on, but advance preheating on time
switch.
• Church Wardens turn on other heaters only if needed when
they arrive 30mins before service.
• Could save much more – may be as much as £250 a year
15
Greening Your Church and School and Home:
Energy and Climate Change
How
much
• How much Energy is there in different fuels?
MegaJoules
Yogurt
85000 calories
(85kcal)
Yogurts
kWh
0.365
1
0.1
1 cubic meter gas
39.6
106.8
10.8
1 litre petrol
32.9
90.1
9.1
1 litre diesel
35.7
97.8
9.9
1 litre LPG
25.0
68.6
7.0
1 litre heating oil
35.3
96.6
9.8
16
Greening Your Church and School and Home:
Energy and Climate Change
• How much CO2 is given of by different fuels ?
MJ
kg CO2
CO2 to provide 1 kWh
of useful heat
Gas
39.6 MJ/m3
2.035 kg/m3
0.21 – 0.26 kg
Petrol
32.9 MJ/litre
2.315 kg/litre
Diesel
35.7 MJ/litre
2.630 kg/litre
LPG
25.0 MJ/litre
1.495 kg/litre
0.24 - 0.31 kg
Heating oil
35.3 MJ/litre
2.518 kg/litre
0.27 – 0.35 kg
Electricity
0.54 kg
Electricity (Heat Pump)
0.12 – 0.18 kg
Figures in RED assume heating is provided by condensing appliances
• A litre of diesel has 8.6% more energy than 1 litre of petrol
• How far does one have to drive in a small family car to emit as much CO2
as heating and old persons room for 1 hour?
1.6 miles
17
Our responsibility for future generations
AND our OWN FUTURE
• It is not just Climate Change affecting others
• Energy Security issues will affect us in UK in
next 10 years.
Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security
Import
Gap
19
Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security
There is a
looming
capacity
shortfall
60000
50000
New Coal ?
MW
40000
30000
20000
10000
Opted Out
Coal
New
Nuclear?
Actual Coal
with FGD
Renewables
Actual Projected
Nuclear Nuclear
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Even with a
deployment of
renewables.
A 10% reduction
in demand per
house will see a
rise of 7% in
total demand
- Increased
population
decreased
2030 household size
Our Choices: They are difficult
Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind
and biomass? Some People say NO!
Thetford
Swaffham
Scroby Sands
Uk’s first Advanced
Gasifier Combined
Heat and Power Plant
UEA
To provide 5% of UK’s Electricity would need to cover whole of Norfolk
and Suffolk with energy crops
21
Our Choices: They are difficult
Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and
biomass?
• Hydro potential in UK is limited
• Photovoltaics, much more expensive than wind/ biomass AND has a
much higher embedded carbon than wind, nuclear, etc.
Small scale hydro –
Itteringham Mill
34 kW array - ZICER Building UEA
Provides electricity for about 5 houses
- Cost £500 000
22
Our Choices: They are difficult
Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and
biomass?
• Wave power and tidal stream are technically limited and are not options
for next 10 years except as small scale demonstration.
Pelamis Wave Power – Orkney half output of Swaffham
Limpet Wave Power, Islay
Experimental Tidal Stream Devices
23
Our Choices: They are difficult
Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and
biomass?
• Tidal Barrages could provide ~10% of UK’s electricity needs, but there
are many opponents and would not provide energy until at least 2020
Churchill Barriers, Orkney
could provide equivalent of
40% of Sizewell B, but
people are opposed to power
lines through Scotland.
Beauly-Denny controversy
24
Our Choices: They are difficult
Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore
wind and biomass?.
Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for next 20 years.
If our answer is NO
Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power ?
Are we happy on this and the other attendant risks?
If our answer is NO
Do we want to return to using coal?
•then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly
•unless we can develop carbon sequestration within 10 years
UNLIKELY
If our answer to coal is NO
Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued
exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation?
>>>>>>
25
Our Choices: They are difficult
If our answer is YES
By 2020
• we will be dependent on GAS
for around 70% of our heating and electricity
imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria
Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>>
If not:
We need even more substantial cuts in energy use.
Or are we prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of
Global Warming? - the North Norfolk Coal Field?
Aylsham Colliery, North Walsham Pit??
Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables?
Inaction or delays in decision making will lead us down the GAS
option route and all the attendant Security issues that raises.
Through inaction and a coherent energy policy the UK
Government is taking us down the Gas Route.
26
UEA is leading the Way
Advanced Biomass CHP
using Gasification
Photo-Voltaics
Low Energy Buildings
Absorption Chilling
Efficient CHP
1990
2006
14047
207000
Change since
1990
+152%
+50%
Expected
2010
16000
220000
Change since
1990
+187%
+159%
Students
Floor Area (m2)
5570
138000
CO2 (tonnes)
CO2 kg/m2
19420
140.7
21652
104.6
+11%
-25.7%
14000
63.6
-28%
-54.8%
CO2 kg/student
3490
1541
-55.8%
875
-74.9%
The Unbalanced Triangular Trade
0.94
billion
people
Raw materials
1.33 billion
people
1.03 billion people
Each person in Developed Countries has been
responsible for an extra 463 kg of CO2 emissions in
goods imported from China in just 3 years (2002 – 2005)
28
And Finally
• Need to act now otherwise we might have to make choice of
whether we drive 1.6 miles or heat an old person’s room
WEBSITE www.cred-uk.org
This presentation will be on WEB from this
evening >follow Academic Resources Link
Are you up to the Challenge?:
Will you make a pledge?
“If you do not change direction, you
may end up where you are heading.”
（直译）：“如果你不改变，你将止步于原地。”
29
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
老子 （604-531BC）中国古代思想家、哲学家
30
31
32
Involve the local Community -The BroadSol Project
Solar Collectors installed 27th
January 2004
Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh
Members of community agreed to purchase Solar Panels
at same time. Significantly reduced costs
33
How much Energy is in a cubic meter of gas?
The calorific value does vary on a daily basis
Daily variation in Calorific Value of Gas in early October 2009
Eastern
East Midlands
Northern
North East
North Thames
North West
Scotland
South East
Southern
South West
West Midlands
Wales North
Wales South
1st
39.7
39.7
40.3
40.2
39.5
39.9
40.1
39.4
39.3
39
39.6
40
39
2nd
39.8
39.9
40.4
40.3
39.4
39.9
40.3
39.6
39.3
39.1
39.6
39.9
39.1
3rd
39.6
39.6
40.5
40.4
39.4
40.1
40.1
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.7
40.1
39.2
4th
39.5
39.7
40.4
40.5
39.3
40.2
40
39.5
39.1
39.2
39.7
40.2
39.2
5th
39.5
39.7
40.4
40.3
39.5
40.3
40
39.4
39.1
39.2
39.4
40.1
39.2
6th
39.6
39.6
40.4
40.4
39.7
40.2
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.5
40.2
39.2
7th
39.7
39.6
40.4
40.4
39.5
40.2
40.1
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.2
40
39.2
8th
39.7
39.6
40.3
40.3
39.5
39.5
40
39.5
39.2
39.2
39.6
40.2
39.2
MJ/cubic metre
9th
39.6
39.7
40.3
40.3
39.5
40
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.2
39.5
40.1
39.2
10th
39.1
39.8
40.4
40.3
39.3
39.8
40.2
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.2
11th
39.1
39.8
40.4
40.3
39.3
39.8
40.2
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.2
12th
39.6
39.7
40.5
38.3
39.3
40.1
40
39.3
39.1
39.2
39.5
40
39.2
See http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/ukgasdata/services/calval/calval.asp
Unfortunately volume of gas varies depending on temperature and a correction
factor is applied which is typically around 1.02 – but see your bill for details 1.02264
So total energy content of 1 cubic metre of gas at appliance = 40.505 MJ/m3
34