Transcript Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Context

Environmental Management
and DRR in Indian Context
Prof. Vinod K. Sharma
Sr. Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of
Public Administration, and
Executive Vice-Chair,
Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority
Some National Initiatives
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The National Disaster Management Act-2005
National Disaster Management Authority-2005
National Action Plan on Climate Change
Many states taking up initiatives: Acts,
Authorities, Plans, Capacity Building (Leading
states: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar
Sikkim)
 District level empowerment
 Local level participation and action
India’s Vulnerability
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Floods
Droughts
Earthquakes
Landslides
Cyclones
Forest Fire
Cloud Burst
Hail storms
Major Natural
Disasters :
1990 - 2012
1997
Chamoli
KutchchhEarthquakes
Uttarkashi
Latur (Killari)
Jabalpur
Earthquake, J&K
Oct.8, 2005
1999
J&K
1991
1993
, Gujarat
2001
2005
Cyclones
East & West Godavari
dist.of Andhra Pradesh
Kutchchh, Gujarat
Orissa
1992&
1996
1998
1999
Floods
Punjab
Kerala
Punjab & Haryana
Mumbai
1993
1994
1996
2005
Tsunami
Andaman & Nicobar
Earthquake, Gujarat
January 26, 2001
Tsunami
Dec.26, 2004
Scientific initiatives in DRR
 Vulnerability Atlas for each major hazard was
prepared
 High Powered Committee was set up by the Prime
Minister in 1999
 Focus was on Preparedness, Planning and
Mitigation
 National, State and District level authorities were
prepared
 Disaster Management Act came to force in 2005
Floods
• Floods in the Indo-GangeticBrahmaputra plains are an annual
feature
• On an average, a few hundred lives
are lost
• Millions are rendered homeless
Lakhs of hectares of crops are
damaged every year
Case Studies
 Mumbai 2005
 Surat Flood 2006
 Rajasthan Flood 2006, 2008, 2012
 Uttarakhand Floods 2013
Wind and Cyclones
During the Period 1877-2005 in a 50 km wide
strip following cyclonic activity have taken
place:
• 283 cyclones (106 severe) on the East Coast
• 35 cyclones (19 severe) on West Coast
• In the 19 severe cyclonic storms, death toll
> 10,000 lives
In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal
(India and Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives
have been lost
Orissa Cyclone 26-29 October,
1999
Earthquakes
• 10.79% land is liable to severe
earthquakes (intensity MSK IX or more)
• 17.49% land is liable to MSK VIII
(similar to Latur/Uttarkashi)
• 30.79% land is liable to MSK VII
(similar to Jabalpur earthquake)
Biggest quakes in Andamans, Kuchh,
Himachal, Kashmir, Bihar and the North
Eastern States)
Sikkim
Parameter
Value
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
7096 Sq.KM.
POPULATION (2011
CENCUS)
6.07 LAKHS
DISTRICTS
04 (EAST, WEST , NORTH & SOUTH)
MAIN DRAINAGES
TISTA , RANGEET & ITS TRIBUTARIES
FOREST COVER
43% of the total area.
GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION
270 00’46” to 280 07’48” N latitude
880 00’58” to 880 55’25” E
Longitude
ECONOMY
MAINLY TOURISM, CASH CROPS, HYDEL POWER
PROJECT
LITERACY RATE(2001
CENSUS)
82%
Brief information on Sikkim
&
Earthquake details
Parameter
Magnitude
Date-Time
Location
Depth
Duration
Extent
Source: USGS / IMD
Value
6.8
18:10 IST, 18th Sept, 2011, Sunday
27.72°N, 88.06°E
19.7 km (shallow depth)
30-40 seconds
In India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and China
In India, in Sikkim and northeast, West Bengal,
Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and
Delhi
Sikkim After Earthquake 2011
 Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority
Established
 Significant progress since Sikkim-Nepal
Earthquake of September 2011
 Environment-Disaster Link: India’s first fully
ORGANIC STATE and preparing for disasters
 Establishing Himalayan Institute of Environment
and Disaster Management
 Taking community based approach, involving
schools, voluntary organisations, local leaders
Landslides
• The Indian Subcontinent with diverse
physiographic, seismotectonic and
climatologic conditions is subjected to
varying degree of landslide hazards.
• The himalayas including Northeastern
mountain regions being the worst affected
followed by a section of the Western
Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Vindhyas.
Accounts for considerable loss of life and
damage to communication routes, human
settlements, agricultural fields and forest lands.
Recent Trends and Concerns
 Unusual and unexpected weather events
– Heavy rain
– Early or delayed rain
– Hail, snow
– Unseasonal windstorms
– Excessive heat
– Excessive cold
 Resultant change in water and crop patterns
Direct Impact on Coastal Areas
 Rise in sea level – loss of coastal lands and
small islands
– Relevance to all coastal areas
– Islands along coastal states (Eg. Andhra
Pradesh, West Bengal)
– A&N Islands
– Lakshadweep Islands
Direct Impact on All Areas
 Increased frequency, increased severity,
and less predictability of :
– Storms
– Floods
– Flash floods
– Cloud bursts
– Rain caused landslides
– Snow fall
– Heat waves
Current Trends to watch
 Increased cloud bursts in Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand and J&K (2010 flashfloods), and
Sikkim in 2012, Uttarakhand 2013
 Rising temperature trends in Orissa (Talcher 52
degrees Celsius)
 Freak floods in drought prone Rajasthan
 Drought in flood prone Assam
 Glacier depletion along Himalayan Belt
 Crop failure due to rainfall variations
 Increased migration to large cities in search for
work
Trends to Expect in Future
 Increased flooding and droughts due to rainfall
variations
 Increased flooding for some years due to snow
melt
 Droughts after some year due to depleting water
sources
 Severe cyclones, specially in WB, Orissa, AP, TN,
Gujarat
 Crop failures, depletion in fish catch
Who is at Risk?
 Particularly the poor
 Inhabitants of towns and villages in fragile
ecosystems (mountains, coasts, arid areas..)
 Farming communities dependent on rainfed
agriculture
 Hill communities dependent on natural water
sources
 Megacities with high water demand
What can be done to stop the trend
 Reduce glasshouse gas emissions:
– Clean technologies in industries
– Improved refrigeration and transportation systems
 Reduce energy consumption at all levels
– Switch to greener energy sources
– Reduce energy consumption through efficiency
and austerity
– Adopt renewable energy sources in
disaggregated manner
– Invest in improvement of technologies and their
dissemination
Climate Change Adaptation
 Adaptive Agriculture
– Switch to crops that can yield within changed durations
of rainfall season
 Adaptive Water Management
– Manage water sources and increase water harvesting
and water recycling at local level
 Adaptive Settlements
– Plan cities and villages to be away from path of
predictable disasters
– Go Green
Prevailing Planning Practice
 prescriptive Land-use
zoning (20 year
horizon)
 disaster prone and
environmentally
sensitive areas are
declared unsuitable
for development, but
economic pressures
prevail
Human Settlements this is not what we had planned !
 Local informal economies
 pressure in centrally
located vacant land
Unhealthy villages and
cities
Severe environmental
degradation
Compounded risks
 DISASTER annual ritual
 Illegal settlements…
cannot be recognized
or catered to
Informal settlements represent a vast human
population living in temporary and unsafe
structures with little or no facilities……
Even hazards of low
intensity attain
disastrous proportions
when they strike such
vulnerable communities
and degraded
environments
Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix
Air
Water
Land
Crops
Wildlife
Livestock
Forests
Waste
Flood
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Cyclone
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Drought
I
D
D
D
D
D
D
I
Earthquake
S, C
I, C
I
--
L
D
--
D
Landslide
--
S
D
--
I
--
D
D
Chemical
D
D
D
D
D, C
D
D, C
D
Nuclear
D
D, S
D
D, S
D
D
D, L
D
Biological
S
D, C
S
C
C
C
C
D
Civil
C
C
C, I
--
--
--
--
C
Transport
C
C
C
L
--
--
--
D
D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific
From sectoral to holistic planning
Concerned
agencies
&
Communities
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Management Vehicle
RISK MANAGEMENT
Preventio
n
Planning
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Mitigation
Preparedness
Planning
Hazard / Risk
Reduction
Vulnerability
Reduction
ENVIRONMENT
Governance
Emergency
Risk
Assessment
Response
community
Evaluation
Monitorin
g
Management centric
Reconstruction
COMMAND
Rehabilitatio
n
Operation centric
Relief
Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction
Risk Reduction:
 Event minimization
 Loss minimization
 Quick recovery (Resilience)
Approach:
 Visualizing hazards
 Reducing vulnerability
 Increasing coping capacities
DM Paradigm Shift
 Response Centric
 Relief Centric
– Mitigation centric
– Preparedness centric
– Disaster Centric
 Hazard Centric
 Vulnerability Centric
 Environment Centric
Adaptation
DRR Strategy Design –
Components
 What is the risk
hazard - event x damageability
 What is at risk
– – Life, Structures, Resources, Infrastructure
 Resist
 Resilience
– Avoid
– Tolerate
– Manage
 Programmes
– Direct
– Indirect
– Infused
Causes
Causes
Reduced through
multi-stakeholder
cooperation
Causes
Building
disaster
capacity
Immediate/ Long
-term
Population
De-forestation
High Consumption
Climate Change
The Environment
cause-effect cycle
Effects
Effects
Effects
Reduced through
awareness,
policies & action
Waste
Coral Reef Damages
Coastal Zone Impacts
Ground water contamination
Siltation
issue
Effect on agriculture land
Environ-disaster interface
Poverty
Losses
Population
Growth
High
Exposure
to
Hazard
Locations
Environmental
Hazards
Complex
Low
coping
capacity
High Disaster Risk
Hazard /
Trigger
event
Major Disaster
Losses
Source: 2008(5) Publication
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Disaster Event
Physical
Environmental
SOCIAL
Economic
 Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads,
bridges, etc.)
 Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers /
estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere,
energy, etc.)
 Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.)
 Economic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production,
guarantee/insurance, etc.)
DRR Interventions - Routes
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Direct : DM Act, Rules, Policy…
 DM Programmes – NCRM, Capacity building programme of
Engineers/Architects
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Environmental Resources:
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Land/soil/land-use
Water/water bodies, watersheds
Wetlands, Rivers
Air/atmosphere
Habitat/vegetation-forests, plantation, orchards, agriculture - agroforestry,
aquaculture
 Livestock, wild animals
 Environmental supplies – water, PHE, sanitation, waste mgmt,
 Chemicals / minerals
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Welfare programmes
 Family, child, youth, sports, NREGS, RTI, ….
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Service programmes
 Transport, health, communication, housing, aviation, navigation, fire,
industry
Rural Environmental Programme
KEY ISSUES:
 All rural programmes
 Natural Resources
 Land
 Water
 Energy
 Vegetation
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–
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–
Agriculture
Forestry
Horticulture
Aquaculture
 Animals
– Fisheries
– Livestock
– Wildlife
 Env. Health
– Sanitation
– Supplies
Climate Change Impacts
 Climate change is considered as an environmental
phenomena.
 Climate change impacts are seen in the form of natural
disasters like drought, flood etc.
 Livelihoods of the rural communities are directly affected by
the climate change impacts
 Adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly
recognized as the key issue (as opposed to mitigation), and it
is considered as the pre-disaster preparedness measures.
When people plan...
 Participatory appraisals
and stakeholder
sensitization
Community Action
Planning - bottoms up!
Local action oriented
For a safer tomorrow..
 Preventing mushrooming of NEW development
projects and settlements in environmentally
sensitive areas
 Reducing socio-economic inequalities in the
population and providing for safe & healthy
living
 Adopting conservation and development in an
ECOSYSTEM SENSITIVE manner
New Challenges
 Multiple agencies working in DRR and
Environment
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Ministry of Environment and Forests
Ministry of Home affairs
National Disaster management Authority
Ministry of Science and Technology
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water Resources
Planning Commission of India
 University research is not linked with development
planning
Thank You!