Transcript Slide 1

Introduction to ocean observatories
EBS566: Estuary and Ocean Systems II – Lecture 1, Winter 2010
Instructors: T. Peterson, M. Haygood, A. Baptista
Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems,
Oregon Health & Science University
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Logistics
Grade for Part I of EBS566 will be based on a 24h take-home exam (15% of
the total grade for the course) , a team assignment (15%) and class
participation (one third of 10%).
• The statement for the 24h exam will be made available at the end of class
8 (or alternative date, to be arranged in class)
• The team assignment will require the construction (and demonstration in
class 8) of a web page with scientific content (see scope in slides 5 and 6).
• There will be a 30min discussion of a reading assignment in classes 2, 4
and 7. Assuming nine students in the class, four students will ask
questions (one twice) and five will answer them. Asking questions will be
student numbers 1-4 (class 2), 5-8 (class 4) and 9,2,4,6 (class 6)
• Teams and student numbers are pre-assigned (slide 4)
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Logistics
Reading assignments
•
Class 2
Hickey, B. M., R. M. Kudela, J. D. Nash, K. W. Bruland, W. T. Peterson, P. MacCready,
E. J. Lessard, D. A. Jay, N. S. Banas, A. M. Baptista, E. P. Dever, P. M. Kosro, L. K.
Kilcher, A. R. Horner-Devine, E. D. Zaron, R. M. McCabe, J. Peterson, P. M. Orton, J.
Pan, and M. C. Lohan (2010), River influences on shelf ecosystems: Introduction
and synthesis, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JC005452, in press.
•
Class 4
Chawla, A., D.A. Jay, A.M. Baptista, M. Wilkin, C. Seaton (2008). Seasonal variability
and estuary-shelf interactions in circulation dynamics of a river- dominated
estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 31(2): 269-288.
•
Class 6
Nash, J.D and J.N. Moum (2005). River plumes as a source of large-amplitude
internalwaves in the coastal ocean. Nature Vol 437|15 September
2005|doi:10.1038/nature03936
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4
Numbers and teams
Student
#
Team
Bandolin, Nirzwan
2
Orange
Betcher, Meghan
5
Blue
Butterfield, Cristina
3
Orange
DeLorenzo, Suzanne
9
Green
Gilbert, Melissa
4*
Blue
Kahn, Peter
1*
Orange
Maier, Michelle
7*
Green
Smythe, Wendy
6
Blue
Welle, Patricia
8
Green
Team assignment (1/2)
Goal: Place one biological or geochemical SATURN variable in physical context
Each team will be assigned one of the following three instruments, all of which are
deployed at SATURN-03:
• CDOM fluorometer (Webstar)
• SUNA or ISUS (optical nitrate, Satlantic)
• Phytoflash (Turner)
In Class 8, each team will demonstrate a web-based report covering a three-part
scope. The report should be user-friendly, built in the CMOP Drupal server, and should
not rely on file attachments. Although time management is your choice, it is
recommended that you complete one part per week.
Part 1: Get familiar with the instrument
Write a single-space ~two-page description of the instrument. Include: (a) measured
variable(s) and its (their) significance in estuaries; (b) measuring principle; (c)
operational considerations for deployment in estuaries; (d) quality control procedures;
(e) picture of instrument; (f) schematic of installation at SATURN-03; (d) a time series
of uninterrupted data of usable quality, for a spring-neap cycle of your choice.
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Team assignment (2/2)
Part 2: Temporal variability in forcing context
Describe the variability of the signal of your instrument at a chosen level as a function
of relevant forcing (a) during a spring-neap tidal cycle; and (b) before, during and after
an estuarine turbidity maxima event. Each description should be done in two singlespace pages, with one figure. For context, also use in your analysis salinity and a third
(non-forcing) variable of your choice.
Part 3: Spatial gradients
Characterize a spatial gradient (vertical or horizontal) of your choice for your primary
variable. Explain as a function of forcing, and of equivalent gradient of salinity and of
a third variable of your choice.
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Course overview (Lectures 1-7)
Lecture (day)
• Introduction to ocean observatories
– National context
– The SATURN collaboratory
• Descriptive estuarine and plume circulation
• MLK holiday (no class)
• Introduction to circulation modeling
• Exam
1 (1/04)
1, 2 (1/06)
3 (1/11), 4 (1/13)
5 (1/18)
6 (1/20), 7 (1/25)
8 (1/27)
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Ocean observatories - Fundamental Issue
We are limited and poorly coordinated with respect to environmental data
supporting fundamental societal needs
R. Spinrad, NOAA
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The vision for IOOS
An operational, integrated, and sustained ocean observing system (IOOS),
envisioned to routinely, reliably, and continuously provide data and
information required to address seven societal goals:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Detect and forecast oceanic components of climate variability
Facilitate safe and efficient marine operations
Ensure national security
Manage resources for sustainable use
Preserve and restoring healthy marine ecosystems
Mitigate natural hazards
Ensure public health
1 System, 7 Goals
(click on logo, for link
used in class)
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NANOOS observation network
(click on
logo, for link
used in
class)
From Martin et al. 2007
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NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative
All figures from JOI 2007
Components: Global ● Regional ● Coastal pioneer array ● Coastal endurance array
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Coastal endurance array
All figures from JOI 2007
Map of the location of the endurance
array, off of the Oregon
Endurance array sites (at 25 m, 80
m, and 500 m) complement first
node of RSN
Sites have surface element and full
water column profiling capability
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Regional scale nodes
All figures from JOI 2007
SATURN
Goal: To explore and advance (a) what constitutes, (b) how to build, sustain
and evolve, and (c) how to create the conditions for the effective use of
collaboratories, using the Columbia River as testbed.
What is a
collaboratory?
Modeling system
Endurance stations
Pioneer array
Cyberinfrastructure
Working definition
A coastal margin collaboratory is …
… a networked integration of sensors, platforms, models, data, analyses and
collaboration & social processes,
… that enables diverse stakeholders to interact without geographic,
disciplinary or institutional barriers,
… towards the understanding, operation and sustainability of coastal margins
“a collaboratory is […] a new
networked organizational form that
also includes social processes;
collaboration techniques; formal and
informal communication; and
agreement on norms, principles,
values, and rules”
(Derrick Cogburn, 2003).
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The Columbia River multi-scale setting
Freshwater
input
Ocean
circulation
Bottom salinity (psu)
The estuary and plume as integrators
Climate
systems
The Columbia River multi-scale setting
Columbia River
Climate forcing
• Pacific Decadal
Oscillation & ENSO
(precipitation, ocean
climate)
• Global climate change
(sea level rise, snow
pack, …)
courtesy J. Barth
Winter 01
N
W
E
S
N
E
W
E
S
Summer 01
Barnes et al. 1972
Q (m3/s)
Time scales of interest
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Credit: Murray Levine
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Events and gradient regions
SATURN Assets
Seismic event simulations
demonstrate impact on benthic
topology and alterations to
ecosystem habitats
Subduction zone
Winter
Plume
Diatoms
(marine)
Upwelling supplies
nutrient rich and
oxygen deficient
marine water
Climate change
forecasts indicate
increases in upwelling
and a larger river
plume that may affect
productivity and
hypoxia
Baker Bay
DOC, DON
CH4, NH4+,
Mn+
Pacific
Ocean
Summer
Plume
Microbial analysis demonstrates that prokaryotic
gene expression patterns are characterized by
large seasonal differences and protist assemblages
have a seasonal succession cycle (AprilKatablepharis, Aug.-Sept.- M. rubra)
Bays are a habitat of
the Cryptomonad prey
(Teleaulax) for
M.rubra bloom
SAT1
POM, Nutrients
ETM
SAT3
ETM
DOC,
DON
AUV
18S rDNA and taxonomic examination indicate
that diatoms contribute significantly to ETM biomass
ETM is area of heightened microbial activity.
CH4, NH4+,
Mn+
TSS, POM
Metal Oxides
M. rubra
DOM, POM,
and nutrient
exchange
SATURN Station (SAT)
Glider
ETM
SAT2
CORIE Station
Salinity
intrusion
SAT4
Shipping channel
Diatoms
(freshwater)
Anthropogenic activities
influence river flow through
hydropower, dredging, and
agriculture
Plume Front
Young’s Bay
Activity, rate and
biomass measurements
demonstrate that
plume and estuary are
areas of high microbial
activity and nutrient
cycling
Cathlamet Bay
In situ sensors measure
biogeochemical exchanges
between sediments and water
column. Intertidal
zones/mudflat interactions
include accretion on flood ,
erosion on ebb and exchange of
DOC, DON, CH4, NH4+, Mn+
SAT5
Climate change forecasts demonstrate an
increase in salinity intrusion, altering
biogeochemical cycles and organism life histories
(e.g. timing and intensity of M. rubra bloom)
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Maintaining the SATURN observation network
Color sequences are taken from a surface camera. Black and white
sequences are from a camera installed on the headgear of the diver.
Credits: Jeff Schilling (video), Michael Wilkin and Jon Graves (divers).
See also: http://www.youtube.com/coastalmargins
Grand Coulee Dam
Well, the world has seven wonders that the trav'lers always tell,
Some gardens and some towers, I guess you know them well,
But now the greatest wonder is in Uncle Sam's fair land,
It's the King Columbia River and the big Grand Coulee Dam.
She heads up the Canadian Rockies where the rippling waters glide,
Comes a-roaring down the canyon to meet the salty tide,
Of the wide Pacific Ocean where the sun sets in the West
And the big Grand Coulee country in the land I love the best.
In the misty crystal glitter of that wild and wind ward spray,
Men have fought the pounding waters and met a watery grave,
Well, she tore their boats to splinters but she gave men dreams to dream
Of the day the Coulee Dam would cross that wild and wasted stream.
Uncle Sam took up the challenge in the year of 'thiry-three,
For the farmer and the factory and all of you and me,
He said, "Roll along, Columbia, you can ramble to the sea,
But river, while you're rambling, you can do some work for me.“
Now in Washington and Oregon you can hear the factories hum,
Making chrome and making manganese and light aluminum,
And there roars the flying fortress now to fight for Uncle Sam,
Spawned upon the King Columbia by the big Grand Coulee Dam.
Lyrics from http://www.woodyguthrie.org/Lyrics/Lyrics.htm
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