Transcript How does - WECF | Women in Europe for a Common Future

WHO and the IYS 2008
Roger Aertgeerts
Regional Adviser, Water and Sanitation
[email protected]
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What IS sanitation?
Why is it important to health?
How fares Europe?
Barriers to be overcome?
WHO actions
Conclusions
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What IS sanitation ?
 XIXth century: the promotion of hygiene and
prevention of disease by maintenance of
sanitary conditions
 XXth century: the collection, transport,
treatment, and disposal or reuse of human
excreta or domestic wastewater, whether
through collective systems or by installations
serving a single household or undertaking.
 XXIth century: arrangements to protect public
health, especially the provision of clean
drinking water and the disposal of sewage.
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Why is sanitation important?
Human dignity
Health risk
• Diarrhoeal diseases
• Non-diarrhoeal diseases
• Emerging diseases.
Environmental risk
• Intestinal helminth infections
• Skin and eye infections
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Preaching to the choir BUT is the choir
reading the same hymn sheet ?
• UN Water Conference in Mar del Plata
1977
• Water and Sanitation for All Decade 80s
• UN Millennium Development 7/10
• International Year of Sanitation 2008
• Water for Life Decade
DID IT WORK?
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Sanitation in European Union (2004)
 Total pop: 487 m
 Urban pop: 364 m
Urban san house connection (2004)
24.41
• House connection:
276 m (75.59%)
• No house connection:
88 m (24.41%)
Covered
Not covered
75.59
 Rural pop:122 m
Rural san house connection (2004)
47.35
Covered
52.65
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Not covered
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• House connection:
64 m (53%)
• No house connection:
58 m (47%)
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Sub-regional programmes
 Barcelona Convention
• Protocol on protection of the marine environment
from land-based sources of pollution
 Protocol on Water and Health
• Article 6 on Targets and Target Setting
 Children’s Environment and Health Action
Plan for Europe - CEHAPE
• Regional Priority Goal 1
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% pop
Sanitation in EURO
Mediterranean countries
100
90
80
70
60
Rur HC
50
40
30
20
10
Urb HC
0
ALB BIH CRO CYP FRA GRE ITA
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MAT MON SMG SPA TUR
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Wastewater treatment plants in
EURO/Mediterranean coastal cities
(data related to cities with more than 2,000
inhabitants)
7% 1%
36%
56%
Number of coastal cities served by WWTP
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WWTP Under construction/projected
Number of coastal cities without WWTP
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WWTP in maintenance/ out of operation
Looking forward to 2050
 Climate change:
Function of sanitation
end products in
climate change
adaptation strategy
and integrated water
management.
 Tourism: Over 300 m
arrivals each year.
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Climate change
•
•
•
•
.
Water demand has doubled in the
second half of the XXth century and
is likely to increase by 25% .
Renewable water exploitation
index rapidly increasing expected to
be 75% in Spain
Temperature increase exceeding 5
C in summer at the end of the 21st
century.
Net decrease in precipitation in
excess of 20 C on year basis with
subsequent decrease in river flow
and aquifer recharge.
•
Treated wastewater is a
substantial and reliable source
of water, with controllable health
risks
•
•
Wastewater to be reused should be
judged by its quality, not its history
Indirect potable reuse will be
enforced by future circumstances,
rather than being an option.
 Reuse of sanitation end products
will need to be factored in as a
normal component of IWM
Sanitation is not stand-alone. Reuse of its end products,
with due management of health and environmental
risks; will need to be factored in as a component of any
future WMP.
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Health risks
• Contaminated sea food:
transboundary movement of GI
• Contaminated coastal recreational
water: GI, skin and eye infections, VHA
• Mucoses from contaminated sand
• HARD solutions (plants)
• SOFT solutions (laws, institutions,
capacity building)
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Protocol on water and health
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Combined objectives
DRINKING
HEALTH
WATER QUALITY
OUTCOME
LEGAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
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FRAMEWORK
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Arguments for ratification
 General: flexible soft law instrument
 Bridging environment and health
 National
• Interdepartmental and intersectoral
• Improved regulatory environment
• Public participation
 Regional
• Long term European integration
• Novel approaches prior to codification
• Holistic approach vs. piecemeal legal approach
 Global ?
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Population with house connection to
sanitation
Millions of people
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
2000
20.0
2004
10.0
0.0
BUL
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CZE
EST
HUN
LTV
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LIT
POL
ROM
TOT
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Millions of people
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Rural population with access to
sanitation
2000
2004
BUL
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CZE
EST
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HUN
TOT
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Problem areas in the WHO EURO
region EUR-C:
• about 9 million
people do not have
access to water
(3.7%)
• About 32 million
people to not have
access to sanitation
EUR-B:
• About 13 million
people do not have
access to water
(12.2%)
• about 18 million
people do not have
access to sanitation
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CEHAPE Children’s specific needs
 Country 1
• 16% of schools lacks
locking or separate toilets
• 21% has only intermittent
water supply
• 38% cannot afford soap
• 96% cannot afford paper
 Country 2
• School rely on wells that
are not maintained and
require sanitation
programs.
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Barriers to action
National policy
Human behaviour
Perception and factual understanding
Poverty and economic barriers
Gender issues
Supply
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Arguments for policy-makers
 Reduction of the global disease burden
National stability
Integrated water resource management
Economic arguments
Local action
Empowerment of women and minority
groups
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Conclusions
 Universal access remains a dream in the IYS
• In rural areas in the European Union
• More generally in the new countries
 Sanitation is still often removal, but … there is no
“away” to take waste to!
 The scientific evidence base needs to be
strengthened, notably by developing indicators and
monitoring the impact of sewerage on health and
environment.
 More funding is needed for sanitation, especially in
rural areas
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Conclusions
 As peri-urban areas are likely to absorb most of city
growth, special attention to sanitation in these areas
is needed.
 Funding should include O&M
 Principle of subsidiarity in governance of water
resources.
 Promote use of available tools for cost benefit
analysis of sanitation options at national and
subsequently at lower levels of government.
 Sanitation needs to be recognized as an integral part
of WRM, and as an adaptation strategy to combat the
effects of climate change.
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THANK YOU
For more information
please visit our website
at:
www.euro.who.int/wat
san
or via email at
[email protected]
.int
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