Transcript The Human Body Plan

The Human Body Plan
Chapter 45
Skeletal Body System
45.1 A 4 Types of Body Tissues
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2
4
3
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•
•
•
1. muscle
2. nervous
3. connective
4. epithelial
45.1 B Muscle
Describe a unique
characteristic of
cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is
found only in the
organ called the
heart.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/hum
anbody/standard/index.shtml
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2
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1. Muscle- Three kinds- cells
which can contract
Cardiac
1. ___________(heart)
–
unconscious controlinvoluntary
_______________
Skeletal
2. _____________
(connect to
bones for movement) –
conscious controlvoluntary
______________
Smooth
3. _______________(inside
organs) –unconscious controlinvoluntary
____________
45.1 C Nervous tissue
Where can you find a
neuron in the body?
You can find a neuron in
the brain, spinal
column or in nerves.
Nervous _________
tissue
– _______
cells which can
conduct nerve
impulses, control
senses and control
muscles.
nerves
–Brain, __________,
spinal column,- cells
are specifically called
neurons
45.1 D Epithelial
•
Epithelial –upper layer of
skin and the lining of the
organs which have
interior spaces.
1. Some tissues can have
cilia
__________.
2. Some tissues can be flat,
columnar
some ___________.
3. Some tissues can
______________
things.
secrete
4. Some tissues are very thin
for _____________.
absorption
45.1 E Connective Tissue
•
Connective tissue –
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bone
___________
Fascia
___________
Cartilage
___________
Matrix
___________–fibers
and space between
cells
Question 45.1 a. Types of Tissues
• Name the four types of
body tissues and name a
location in the body for
each of them
• Muscle tissuecan be found in the heart
• Epithelial tissuecan be found in the lining of
the stomach
• Connective tissuecan be found around the
heart holding it in place in
the thoracic cavity
• Nervous tissuecan be found in the brain
Question 45.1 b Compare and
Contrast
• Name a unique
aspect about nervous
and muscle tissue.
• Nervous tissues can
conduct nerve
impulses and muscle
can contract.
45.1 F Organs and Organ Systems
organ
• An ____________
is
a collection of tissues
which combined
carry out a specific
heart
job. Ex ___________
45.1 c Organ Question
• What is the largest
organ of the body?
• skin
Excretory
System
Nervous
System
Endocrine
System
45.1 G Organs
Systems
Skeletal
System
Digestive
System
Human Body Systems
Muscular
System
Immune
System
Respiratory
System
Integumentary
System
Circulatory
System
• Groups of organs
make up all the
body systems
which we will
study over the
next 8 weeks
Brain spinal
column
Glands
Lymphatic Circulatory System
Nervous
System
Kidney
bladder
Stomach
intestines
Human Body Systems
Immune
System
Lymph glands
cartilage
Muscular
System
Integumentary
System
Respiratory
System
Lungs
bronchioles
Bones
Skeletal
System
Excretory
System
Digestive
System
Bone marrow
Endocrine
System
Circulatory
System
Muscles
Tendons
Skin
Sweat Glands
Heart blood
vessels
Control center for
most of the rest of
the body
Nervous
System
Clean the
Regulate growth
and coordinate
Endocrine body functions
System
blood and get
rid of waste
Excretory
products
System
maintain
water
balance
Process
needed
nutrients
Human Body Systems
Digestive
System
Protect us from
disease
Skeletal
System
Immune
System
Muscular
System
Integumentary
System
Respiratory
System
Bring in
oxygen take
out CO2
Circulatory
System
Support
and levers
for
movement
Transport nutrients,
oxygen, take away
waste products
Provide
the power
for
movement
Protective
barrier to keep
in good and
keep out bad
45.1 H Integration of Body Systems
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•
•
•
All body systems need to
Work
together
__________
_______________.
The lungs may get the oxygen in
but then the circulatory systems
delivers the oxygen to the cells.
Cells in various parts of the body
do their job correctly often
because of chemical
___________
signals made by the
hormone
endocrine system.
Each of the body systems are
primary
_________________.
Sometimes an organ system has
a primary function but the
interdependent functions are the
secondary
______________
functions.
45.1 I Body Cavities
cranial
spinal
Thoracic
diaphragm
abdominal
pelvic
•
1.
2.
3.
Five major body cavities
Cranial
______________
Spinal
______________
Thoracic
______________
diaphragm
-_________________
- a muscle between the
thoracic and the
abdominal cavity
Abdominal
4. ______________
Pelvic
5. ______________
Question 45.1 d Identify organs
• Identify the main organs
each body cavity
contains.
• Cranial
- brain
• Spinal
- spinal cord
• Thoracic
- heart, lungs
• Abdominal
–stomach, liver, intestines
• Pelvic
- kidney, bladder, sex
organs
45.1 Picture Association
Vocabulary
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3
2
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14
4
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5
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6
1. Muscle tissue
2. Epithelial tissue
3. Connective tissue
4. Skeletal muscle
5. Cardiac muscle
6. Smooth muscle
7. Matrix
8. Organ
9. Cranial cavity
10. Thoracic cavity
11. Pelvic cavity
12. Abdominal cavity
13. Spinal cavity
14. Organ system
45.2 Skeletal System
• http://www.youtube.com/p
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45.2 A Major bones in the body
Cranium
Jaw bone
Mandible
Breast bone
Sternum
Ribs
Clavicle
Hip bone Pelvis
Coccyx
Thigh bone
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Shin bone
Tibia
Shoulder
Humerus Arm
Spine
Knee cap
Skull
Ulna
Tail bone
Sacrum
Radius
Carpals
Wrist
Metacarpals Hands
Phalanges
Fingers
Tarsals Ankle
Metatarsals Foot
Phalanges Toes
45.2 B Structure of the Skeleton
Structure of Bones
• There are 206 bones
• Skeleton made of two
parts
Axial
-___________
skull, ribs, spine, and
sternum
Appendicular
-___________
arms, legs, scapula,
and clavicle
45.2 a.Structure of the Skeleton
Review
• Name the two division
of the skeleton.
• Bone started out as
_______________ in
most of the skeleton
• Axial and
appendicular
• cartilage
45.2 C Characteristics of Bones
• Bones are made of
Mineralized
______________
____________
of potassium
crystals
and calcium with layers of
protein and osteocytes, it is
living tissue.
• Have networks of ________
blood
• _________
vessels
• During human development in
fetal stage most bone turns
from ______________
into
cartilage
ossification
bone –_____________
-the process can continue into
early childhood
• When bones grow, they grow
Epiphyseal
at the ________________
plate-found at the end of long
bones
45.2 b. Characteristics of Bone
Review
• Mineralized crystals
• What are bones made of?
• What is Ossification?
• Where are epiphyseal
plates found and what are
their function?
• Why does bone have a
blood supply?
• The process of
turning cartilage into
bone.
• They are found at the
end of long bones
and they allow for
growing
• Because bone is
living tissue.
45.2 c. Characteristics of Bones
Review
• Name two mineral
crystals found in
bones.
• ____________
_____________
• Potassium
• Calcium
45.2 D Types of Bones
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•
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Long bones -A long bone has a
_________and
two endsshaft
shape not actual
classified by _________
length –contain both red and
yellow (found in the shaft) marrow
-Example Femur or _________
humerus
Flat bones- Flat bones consist of a
layer of spongy bone between two
thin layers of compact bone. Have
mostly _________
marrow-Their
red
cross-section is flat, not roundedExamples include the skull and
ribs.
Short bones-shaped more like a
cube
___________
and found where
many bones come together –
Examples tarsals and metatarsals
(wrist and ankles)
45.2 d.Types of Bones Review
• Name a 2
characteristics which
distinguishes long
bones from flat bones.
• _________________
• Name a characteristic
which distinguishes flat
bones from short
bones.
• _________________
Long bones have a
shaft and two ends.
Short bones are more
like a cube and flat
bones are not round
in cross section like
short bones would be.
45.2 E Long Bones
•
-
There are three parts to long
bones
1. -_________
periosteum -outer covering with
blood supply and nerves
2. -__________bone-made
of
compact
cylinders of minerals and protein
called ____________center
lamella
of
each lamella is a _________
Haversian
_____________
conduit for blood
canal
vessels _____________are
found
osteocytes
in protein layers around each
Haversian canal. Osteocytes are
bone cells.
3. -________________
bone-this is
spongy
where you find red bone marrowlattice work which provides
strength but less weight
45.2 e.Long Bones Review
• What are the three
main parts to long
bones?
• What is the function of
the periosteum and
where do you find it
on the bone?
• What are the
cylinders found in
compact bone called
and what are they
made of?
• Why is spongy bone
made of a lattice
network?
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•
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•
Periosteum
Spongy bone
Compact bone
The perisoteum is the outer
cover and it has the blood
supply and nerves.
• The lamella are the cylinder
made of crystals.
• The spongy bone provides
strength but less weight.
45.2 F Bone Marrow
• red marrow
- Found in ____________bone,
Spongy
the end of long bones, ribs,
vertebrae, sternum and pelvis
- make red blood cells
Hematopoiesis
(_______________)
• yellow marrow
- found in long bones
- contain ________
_____
fat
cells
- function as storage for energy
- coverts to red marrow when
there is severe blood loss
45.2 f. Bone Marrow Review
• Tell the difference
between red and
yellow bone marrow.
• Red marrow makes
red and white blood
cells
• Yellow marrow
functions mostly as
fat (energy) storage.
45.2 G Functions of Bones
framework
1. Rigid _______________
soft
2. Protect __________
parts (head, heart,
internal organs)
3. Bones work with the muscles as
levers
___________
to produce movement
4. Regulate ________
and ___________
calcium
potassium
levels releasing or storing it as blood
levels change, calcium is used in
muscle contractions, and potassium is
used in nerve transmission.
Hematopoiesis
5. _____________,
the formation of blood
cells (white and red), mostly takes
place in the red marrow of the bone
45.2 g Function of Bones Review
• Name five functions of bones.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
•
Framework
Protection
How do the muscle work in
Work as levers
unison with the muscular
Calcium and potassium regulation
system?
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is the making of red
What is Hemtopoiesis?
and white blood cells.
• Calcium is used for muscle
How important is calcium to
the bones and the rest of your
contraction and as the strong
body?
mineral in bone.
What job is there for potassium • Potassium helps in nerve
in the body?
transmission.
45.2 H Kinds of Joints
Fixed
___________
Joints- skull
say in place but can allow for
some expansion of tissues
underneath
2. Semi-moveable
______________ Jointsneck-allow limited movement
for rigidity
1.
3.
4.
Movable Joints
-_____________-arm
– up and
Hinged
down movement
-__________and
__________Ball
socket
hip- rotation and side to side
-_____________-thumb
–
Saddle
rotation
-_____________foot and
Gliding
ankle –back and forth
45.2 h. Joints Kinds Review
• Name the
types of
movable joints
and describe
their action
• Fixed joint expands but
no real movement
• Pivot up and down
• Semi-moveable jointallow limited movement
for rigidity
• Hinge –up and down
movement
• Saddle-rotation and side
to side
• Ball and socket-rotation
• Gliding- back and forth
45.2 I Joint Structure
• The ends of the
bones at the joints are
covered in
cartilage
__________
Ligaments
• _________
hold
together bone to bone
• Surface of joints filled
Synovial
with _________
____________
to
fluid
reduce friction
45.2 i.Joint Structure Review
• What is the function of • Lubrication is the function
synovial fluid?
of synovial fluid.
• How are the parts of a • Tendons join muscle to
joint joined between
bone
muscle and bone?
• Cartilage is at the end of
• What is at the end of
long bones to help cushion
bones where a joint is
joints
located?
45.2 J Repair and Dysfunction of
Bone
fracture
• Breaking a bone is called a ________
• Repair
• Dysfunction
-circulation needs to be maintained to
heal a fracture
• Knee joints are the most susceptible to
injury
__________
and swelling where the
synovial fluid is.
• Two kinds of arthritis can develop in
joints
Rheumatoid
-_____________
-from immune system
attacking the joint tissue
Osteoarthritis
-_____________is
from degeneration of
the cartilage in the joints and get worse
as time goes on.
45.2 j. Review Dysfunction
• What condition must
be met for a fracture
to heal?
• What kind of joint is
most susceptible to
injury and what
happens to the joint
when it is injured?
• The blood circulation
in the bone must be
maintained for a
fracture to heal.
• The knee joint is most
susceptible to injury
and usually the knee
joint swells from more
synovial fluid buildup.
45.2 k. Vocabulary Bones
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___Making red and white blood cells
1. Appedicular skeleton
5
___Outer
covering of a bone
6
___Circular
arrangements of crystal in bone.
2. Axial skeleton
2
___The
bones of the head, neck, and most of the torso.
3. Osteocytes
1
___The
bones mostly of the hips, arms, and legs.
4. Ossification
___Turning
cartilage into bone
4
3
___bone
cells
5. Periosteum
___A
7 passageway for blood vessels found in bone
6. Lamella
8
___The
part of the bone where growth takes place.
7. Haversian Canals
8. Epiphyseal plate
9. Hemtopoiesis
45.2 l. Vocabulary Bones Cont.
1 the bones of the body
___all
2 part of long bone with lamella in them
___
___lattice
work bone found in long bones
3
in the center
6 place where two bones are joined
___a
together
___
7 a joint which is not moveable
___a
9 joint which has limited movement
___there
are four kinds of these joints
8
____joins
bone to bone
10
____lubricant
in the joints
11
____joint
inflammation caused by the
12
immune system
____deterioration
of the cartilage in the
13
joint
5 break in a bone
___a
___
4 a tissue in the bone which can be red
or yellow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Skeleton
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Bone marrow
Fracture
Joint
Fixed joint
Moveable joint
Semi-moveable joint
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis