Transcript Chapter 36 - Manhasset Schools

Chapter 36: Skeletal, Muscular,
and Integumentary Systems
Dragonfly Textbook Pages (920-941)
36-1 The Skeletal System
Dragonfly Textbook Pages (920-925)
What are some differences between these
organisms?
Locomotion
We have muscles and bones that allow
us to move.
WHY DO WE NEED TO MOVE?
36-1: The Skeletal System
• Dragonfly Textbook pages (920-925)
1) What makes up the skeletal system?
•Bones
•Cartilage
•Ligaments
Bone Fun Facts
• Human Skeleton accounts for
about 20% of a regular sized
person’s body weight
• A baby has about 300 bones; by
adulthood there are only about
206 bones
• Largest part of the skeleton is the
femur (located in the upper thigh)
• Smallest bone in the body is the
stapes (part of the inner ear)
• More than half of your bones are
located in your hands, feet, and
face
• A newborn baby’s skeleton is
made up mostly of cartilage
2) What are some functions of the skeletal
system?
Support (framework)
Protect internal organs
Provides for movement
Stores mineral reserves (calcium)
Produces blood cells
3) Structure of Bones
• Bone is composed of living cells
and protein fibers that are
surrounded by deposits of
calcium salts.
• The calcium salts give bone their
hard structure.
4) Cartilage
• What is it?
• Strong connective tissue that
supports the body and is
softer and more flexible than
bone
• Where is it found?
• places like nose, ear, and
joints
5) Joints
• What are they?
• Places where bones meet
• What do they do?
• Allow movement
• Examples:
• Immovable joints- skull
• Slightly movable joints- vertebrae
• Freely movable joints- Ball and Socket
(shoulder), Hinge (knee), Pivot
(elbow), saddle (hand)
6) Structure of Joints
• Ligaments:
• Connective tissue
• Connects bone to bone
• Cartilage and bursae (sac of
synovial fluid) between bones
• Reduce friction and act as shock
absorbers
36-2 The Muscular System
Dragonfly Textbook Pages (926-931)
7) What is the role of our muscular system?
Muscles provide the forces that
put the body in motion
Muscles allow movement by
contracting and relaxing.
There are 3 types of muscle.
8) Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle:
a. Where is it found?
Attached to bones
b. Voluntary movements
c. Striations (alternating light/dark
bands)
d. Large with many nuclei
8) Types of Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle:
a. Where is it found? hollow
structures- esophagus, stomach
and intestines (peristalsis and
digestion), blood vessels (control
blood flow), eyes (pupil response to
light)
b. Involuntary movements
c. No Striations
d. Spindle-shaped with one nucleus
8) Types of Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle:
a. Where is it found? The Heart
b. Involuntary movements
c. Striations
d. Small with one or two nuclei
9) Tendons
• Tough, fibrous
connective tissue
• attaches muscle to bone.
10) Muscle Contraction
A muscle contracts when the
thin filaments (actin) in the
muscle fiber slide over the thick
filaments (myosin)
The energy for muscle
contraction is supplied by ATP!
11) How muscles and bones interact:
• Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs
• Bicep muscle contracts: bends/flexes the
elbow
• Tricep muscle contracts: opens/extends the
elbow
• Controlled movement (ex. Holding a
tennis racket or a violin) require
contraction by both muscles
• Muscles provide force and the tendons
pull on the bones (like levers)
36-3 The Integumentary System
Dragonfly Textbook Pages (933-936)
1) What are the functions of the
Integumentary System?
A barrier against infection and
injury
Helps to regulate body
temperature
Removes wastes from the body
Provides protection against
ultraviolet radiation from the
sun
2) Epidermis
• Outer layer of skin
• Made up of two parts:
• Outer layer of epidermis- dead skin cells
• Inner layer of epidermis- living cells
• Undergo rapid mitosis that pushes old cells to the surface
• Keratin ( protein) producing cells form a flexible, waterproof covering on the surface
of the skin
• Melanocytes- produce Melanin (pigment); the amount and distribution of melanin
causes differences in skin color
2) Dermis
• Middle layer
• Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sense organs,
smooth muscles and hair follicles that help the skin perform all of its functions
• Sweat Glands- produces sweat for temperature regulation and waste removal
• Sebaceous (oil) glands- produce oil (sebum) keeps epidermis flexible and
waterproof
3) Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
• Fat Cells
• Blood cells
4) Hair and Nails
• Keratin (which also forms
structures like bull horns,
reptile scales, bird feathers,
and porcupine quills)
• Hair
• Covers almost every exposed
surface and provides many
important functions
• Produced by hair follicles in the
dermis
• Rapid cell growth at the follicles
pushes dead column of keratinfilledcells outward
• Nails
• Protect fingers and toes
• Rapid growth from nail root
• During cell division, cells produce
a plate-like cover that protects
fingertips and toes
Chapter 36 Key Ideas Summary
36-1 The Skeletal System
The human skeleton supports the
body, protects internal organs,
provides for movement, stores
mineral reserves, and provides a site
for blood cell formation
Bones are a solid network of living
cells and protein fibers that are
surrounded by deposits of calcium
salts
Depending on its type of movement, a
joint is classified as immovable,
slightly movable, or freely movable
36-2 The Muscular System
There are three different types of
muscle tissue: skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
A muscle fiber contracts when the
thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide
over the thick filaments.
The energy for muscle contraction is
supplied by ATP.
Chapter 36 Key Ideas Summary
36-3 The Integumentary System
The integumentary system
serves as a barrier against
infection and injury, helps to
regulate body temperature,
removes waste products from
the body, and provides
protection against ultraviolet
radiation from the sun.