Transcript muscular system - Practicum Health Science I

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Introduction

Without the muscular system
we would be unable to sit,
stand, walk, speak, or grasp
objects. Blood would not
circulate, because there would
be no heartbeat to propel it
through the vessels. The lungs
could not rhythmically empty
and fill, nor could food move
through the digestive tract.
Structure and Function

The human body has more
than 600 muscles
Structure and Function
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Muscle tissue is specialized for
contraction. The contraction
mechanism is the same in each of
the types of muscle tissue, but the
organization of the fibers and
filaments differ in each.
Muscles may be directly or
indirectly (via tendons) attached
to bones. Muscles are also found
in and around body organs and
structures.
Structure and Function
Movement
 Posture and Body Position
 Support Soft Tissue
 Guard Entrances and Exits
 Involuntary Bodily
Processes
 Thermogenesis

Structure and Function
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Movement – muscle contractions
pull on tendons and move the
bones of the skeleton.
Posture and Body Position –
Without constant muscle tension,
you could not sit upright without
collapsing or stand without
toppling over.
Support Soft Tissue – The
abdominal wall and the floor of
the pelvic cavity consist of layers
of muscle that support the weight
of visceral organs and shield
internal tissues from injury.
Structure and Function
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Guard Entrances and Exits –
Skeletal muscles guard openings to
the digestive and urinary tracts,
and provide voluntary control over
swallowing , defecation, and
urination.
Involuntary Bodily Processes – For
example, contraction of the heart is
an involuntary bodily process- the
nervous system does not provide
voluntary control over the cardiac
muscle cells.
Structure and Function

Thermogenesis – Muscle
contractions require
energy, and whenever
energy is used in the body,
some of its converted to
heat. The heat lost by the
working muscles keeps the
body temperature in the
normal range.
Characteristics of Muscles
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Excitability
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Excitability

Irritability, the ability to
respond to a stimulus such as
a nerve impulse
Contractibility

Muscle fibers that are
stimulated by nerves contract,
or become short and thick,
which causes movement
Extensibility

The ability to be stretched
Elasticity

Allows the
muscle to
return to its
original
shape after it
has
contracted or
stretched
Skeletal Muscle
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Makes up more than 40% of a
person’s body weight
Looks striated, or banded,
under the microscope
Skeletal muscles have three
parts
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Origin is one end of the muscle,
attached to the less movable part
of the bone
Insertion is the other end of the
muscle, attached to the more
movable part of the bone
The action, or body, is the thick
middle part of the muscle
Skeletal Muscles (cont.)

Skeletal muscles
attach to bones in
different ways
Tendons-strong
tough, fibrous
connective- tissue
cords
 Fascia- a tough
sheetlike membrane
that covers and
protects the tissue

Visceral
Muscle
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Lines various hollow organs
Makes up the walls of blood
vessels
Found in the tubes of the
digestive system
Smooth and has no striations
Controlled by the autonomic
nervous system
Cardiac Muscle
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Found only in the
heart
Striated muscle
Under involuntary
control
Has specialized cells
that provide a
stimulus for
contraction
Naming Skeletal Muscles

The names assigned to
muscles provide clues to their
identification.
Orientation of muscle fibers
 Regional location
 Structural features
 Shape, length, size, superficial
or deep
 Origin and insertion
 Primary function

Naming Skeletal Muscles
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Some muscles, often with Greek
or Latin roots, refer to the
orientation of muscle fibers. For
example “rectus” means straight
and rectus muscle fibers generally
run along the long axis of the
body.
In a few cases, a muscle is such a
prominent feature that the
regional name alone can identify
it, such as the temporalis muscle
of the head.
Naming Skeletal Muscles
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Other muscles are named after
structural features. For example, a
biceps muscle has two tendons of
origin, whereas the triceps has
three.
Muscle names can reflect shape,
length, size, and whether a muscle
is visible at the surface or lying
beneath.
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Maximus means large.
Minimus means small.
Longus means long.
Brevis means short.
Naming Skeletal Muscles
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The first part of some names
indicate the origin and the second
part the insertion, such as the
brachioradialis.
Other names may indicate the
primary function of the muscle,
such as the flexor digitorum.
Some muscles are named
according to their shape, such as
the deltoid (triangular), the
trapezius (trapezoid), or the
rhomboids (diamond shape).
Temporomandibular Joint
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The principle muscles
opening the mouth are the
external pterygoids
Closing the mouth are the
masseter, the temporalis, and
the internal pterygoids.
The Scapulohumeral Group
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This group extends from the
scapula to the humerus and
includes the muscles
inserting directly on the
humerus
Rotates the shoulder laterally,
and depresses and rotates the
head of the humerus.
The Scapulohumeral Group
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Supraspinatus – runs above
the glenohumeral joint;
inserts on to the greater
tubercle
Infraspinatus and Teres minor
– cross the glenohumeral
joint posteriorly; insert above
the greater tubercle
The Scapulohumeral Group

Subscapularis – originates on
the anterior surface of the
scapula and crosses the joint
anteriorly; iniserts on the
lesser tubercle.
The Axioscapular Group
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This group attaches the trunk
to the scapula and includes
the trapezius, rhomboids,
serratus anterior and levator
scapulae. These muscles
rotate the scapula.
The Axiohumeral Group
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This group attaches the trunk
to the humerus and the
pectoralis major and minor
and the latissimus dorsi. The
muscle produce internal
rotation of the shoulder.
The Elbow
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The muscles traversing the
elbow include the biceps and
brachioradialis (flexion), the
triceps (extension), the
pronator teres (pronation),
and the supinator
(supination).
The Wrist and Hands
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Wrist flexion arises from the
two carpal muscles, located
on the radial and ulnar
surfaces.
Two radial and one ulnar
muscle provide wrist
extension.
Supination and pronation
result from muscle
contraction of the forearm.
The Wrist and Hands
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The thumb is powered by
three muscles that form the
thenar eminence and provide
flexion, abduction, and
opposition
The muscles of extension are
at the base of the thumb
along the radial margin
The Wrist and Hands
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Movement in the digits depends
on the action of the flexor and
extensor tendons of muscles in
the forearm and wrist.
The instrinsic muscles of the hand
attaching to the metacarpal bones
are involved in flexion
(lumbricals), abduction (dorsal
interossei), and adduction (palmar
interossei) of the fingers
The Wrist and Hands
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Holding the tendons and
tendon sheath in place is a
transverse ligament, the
flexor retinaculum
The Spine
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The trapezius and latissimus dorsi
form the outer layer of muscles
attaching to each side of the
spine.
They overlie two deeper muscle
layers – a layer attaching the
head, neck, and spinous
processes (splenius capitis,
splenius cervicis, and
sacrospinalis) and a smaller layer
of instrinsic muscles between
vertebrae.
The Spine
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Muscles attaching to the
anterior surface of the
vertebrae, including the psoas
muscles and the muscles of
the abdominal wall, assist
with flexion.
The Hip
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Four powerful muscle groups
move the hip:
Flexor group
Extensor group
Adductor group
Abductor group
Flexor Group
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This group lies anteriorly and
flexes the thigh
The primary hip flexor is the
iliopsoas, extending from
above the iliac crest to the
lesser trochanter
The Extensor Group
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Lies posteriorly and extend to
the thigh
The gluteus maximus is the
primary extensor of the hip
It forms a band crossing from
its origin along the medial
pelvis to its insertion below
the trochanter
The Adductor Group
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Is medial and swings the
thigh toward the body
The muscles in this group
arise from the rami of the
pubis and ischium and insert
on the posteromedial aspect
of the femur.
The Abductor Group
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Lateral, extending from the
iliac crest to the head of the
femur, and moves the thigh
away from the body
This group includes the
gluteus medius and minus
These muscles help stabilize
the pelvis during the stance
phase of gait
The Knee
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Powerful muscles move and
support the knee.
The quadriceps femoris
extends the leg, covering the
anterior, medial, and later
aspects of the thigh
The hamstring muscles lie on
the posterior aspect of the
thigh and flex the knee.
The Knee
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The meninsci and two
important pairs of ligaments,
the collaterals and the
cruciates, are crucial to
stability of the knee
The Menensci
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The medial and lateral
menisci cushion the action of
the femur on the tibia
These crescent shaped
fibrocartilaginous discs add a
cup like surface to the
otherwise flat tibial plateau
Collateral Ligaments
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The medial collateral ligament
(MCL), not easily palpable, is
a broad, flat ligament
connecting the medial
fermoral epiccondyle to the
medial condyle of the tibia
The medial portion of the MCL
also attaches to the medial
meniscus
Collateral Ligaments
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The lateral collateral ligament
(LCL) connects the lateral
femoral epicondyle and the
head of the fibula.
The MCL and LCL provide
medial and lateral stability to
the knee joint
Cruciate Ligaments

The anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL) crosses obliquely from
the anterior medial tibia to the
lateral femoral condyle,
preventing the tibia from
sliding forward on the femur
Cruciate Liagments
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The posterior cruciate ligament
(PCL) crosses from the posterior
tibia and lateral meniscus to the
medial femoral condyle,
preventing the tibia from slipping
backward on the femur
Because these ligaments lie
within the knee joint, they are not
palpable
The Ankle and Foot
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Movement at the ankle joint is
limited to dorsiflexion and
plantar flexion
Plantar flexion is powered by
the gastrocnemius, the
posterior tibial muscle, and
the toe flexors
Their tendons run behind the
malleoli
The Ankle and Foot
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The dorsiflexors include the
anterior tibia muscle and the
toe extensors
They lie prominently on the
anterior surface, or dorsum,
of the ankle, anterior to the
malleoli
The Ankle and Foot
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Ligaments extend from each
malleolus onto the foot
Medially, the triangular shaped
deltoid ligament fans out from the
inferior surface of the medial
malleolus to the talus and
proximal tarsal bones, protecting
against stress from eversion
(ankle bows inward)
The Ankle and Foot
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Laterally, the three ligaments are
less substantial, with higher risk
for injury:
The anterior talofibular ligament –
most at risk for injury from
inversion (ankle bows outward)
injuries;
The calcaneofibular ligament; and
the posterior talofibular ligament
The Ankle and Foot
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The strong Achilles tendon
attaches the gastronemius
and soleus muscles to the
posterior calcaneus
The plantar fascia inserts on
the medial tubercle of the
calcaneus
Additional Muscle Groups
Sternocleidomastoid
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Location:
Side of neck
Function:
Turns and
flexes head
Trapezius
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Location:
Upper back
and neck
Function:
Extends
head, moves
shoulder
Deltoid
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Location:
Shoulder
Function:
Abducts
arm,
injection site
Biceps brachii
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Location:
Upper arm
Function:
Flexes lower
arm and
supinates
hand
Triceps brachii
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Location:
Upper arm
Function:
Extends and
adducts lower
arm
Pectoralis major
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Location:
Upper chest
Function:
Adducts and
flexes upper
arm
Intercostals
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Location:
Between ribs
Function:
Moves ribs
for breathing
Rectus abdominus
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Location:
Ribs to pubis
(pelvis)
Function:
Compresses
abdomen
and flexes
vertebral
column
Latissimus dorsi
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Location:
Spine
around to
chest
Function:
Extends and
adducts
upper arm
Gluteus maximus
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Location:
Buttocks
Function:
Extends and
rotates thigh,
injection site
Sartorius
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Location:
Front of thigh
Function:
Abducts thigh,
flexes leg
Quadriceps femoris
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Location:
Front of
thigh
Function:
Extends leg,
injection site
Tibialis anterior
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Location:
Front of
lower leg
Function:
Flexes and
inverts foot
Gastrocnemius
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Location:
Back of lower
leg
Function:
Flexes and
supinates
sole of the
foot
Basic Types of Muscle
Movement
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Adduction
Abduction
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Adduction

Moving a body
part toward the
midline
Abduction

Moving a body
part away from
the midline
Flexion
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Decreasing the
angle between
two bones, or
bending a
body part
Extension
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Increasing the
angle between
two bones, or
straightening a
body part
Rotation

Turning a body
part around its
own axis; for
example,
turning the
head from side
to side.
Circumduction

Moving in a
circle at a joint,
or moving one
end of a body
part in a circle
while the other
end remains
stationary, such
as swinging a
arm in a circle
Body Mechanics

Body Mechanics is the way in
which the body moves and
maintains balance while
making the most efficient use
of all its body parts.

To prevent injury to yourself
and others while working in the
health field, it is important to
observe good body mechanics
Four Main Reasons for Using
Good Body Mechanics
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Muscles work best when used
correctly.
Correct use of muscles makes
lifting, pulling and pushing
easier
Prevents unnecessary fatigue,
strain and saves energy
Prevents injury to self and
others
Eight Basic Rules of Good
Body Mechanics
1)Maintain a broad base of support
by keeping the feet 8-10 inches
apart
2)Bend from the hips and knees to
get close to an object, and keep
your back straight
3)Use the strongest muscles to do
the job (shoulders, upper arms,
hips and thighs)
4)Use the weight of your body to
help push or pull an object.
Whenever possible, push, slide, or
pull rather than lift
Eight Basic Rules of Good
Body Mechanics
5)Carry heavy objects close to the
body
6)Avoid twisting your body as you
work. Turn with your feet and
entire body when you change
direction of movement
7)Avoid bending for long periods
8)If a patient or object is too heavy
for you to lift alone, always get
help
Diseases and Abnormal
Conditions
Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is a
group of disorders that
involve muscle weakness and
loss of muscle tissue that get
worse over time.
Symptoms

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Symptoms vary with the different
types of muscular dystrophy.
All of the muscles may be
affected. Or, only specific groups
of muscles may be affected, such
as those around the pelvis,
shoulder, or face. Muscular
dystrophy can affect adults, but
the more severe forms tend to
occur in early childhood.
Symptoms
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Mental retardation (only present in some
types of the condition)
Muscle weakness that slowly gets
worse
Delayed development of muscle motor
skills
Difficulty using one or more muscle
groups
Drooling
Eyelid drooping (ptosis)
Frequent falls
Problems walking (delayed walking
Causes and Risk Factors
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Many diseases called muscular
dystrophies (MD) are inherited
disorders, such as:
Becker's muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss muscular
dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral muscular
dystrophy
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
Myotonia congenita
Myotonic dystrophy
Tests and Diagnosis

A physical examination and
your medical history will help
the doctor determine the type
of muscular dystrophy.
Specific muscle groups are
affected by different types of
muscular dystrophy.
Tests and Diagnosis

A muscle
biopsy may be
used to
confirm the
diagnosis. In
some cases, a
DNA blood test
may be all that
is needed.
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Other tests
may include:
Electrocardiog
raphy (ECG)
Electromyogra
phy (EMG)
Serum CPK
Tests and Diagnosis
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This disease may also alter
the results of the following
tests:
Aldolase
AST
Creatinine
LDH
Myoglobin - urine/ serum
Treatments

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There are no known cures for the
various muscular dystrophies.
The goal of treatment is to control
symptoms.
Physical therapy may help
patients maintain muscle strength
and function. Orthopedic
appliances such as braces and
wheelchairs can improve mobility
and self-care abilities. In some
cases, surgery on the spine or
legs may help improve function.
Treatments

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Corticosteroids taken by
mouth are sometimes
prescribed to children to keep
them walking for as along as
possible.
The person should be as
active as possible. Complete
inactivity (such as bedrest)
can make the disease worse.
Complications
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Cardiomyopathy
Decreased ability to care for
self
Decreased mobility
Joint contractures
Mental impairment (varies)
Respiratory failure
Scoliosis
Prevention

Genetic counseling is advised
when there is a family history of
muscular dystrophy. Women may
have no symptoms but still carry
the gene for the disorder.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
can be detected with about 95%
accuracy by genetic studies
performed during pregnancy.
Fibromyalgia
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Fibromyalgia is a common
condition characterized by longterm, body-wide pain and tender
points in joints, muscles, tendons,
and other soft tissues.
Fibromyalgia has also been linked
to fatigue, morning stiffness,
sleep problems, headaches,
numbness in hands and feet,
depression, and anxiety.
Fibromyalgia can develop on its
own or along with other
musculoskeletal conditions such
as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
Symptoms

The overwhelming characteristic
of fibromyalgia is long-standing,
body-wide pain with defined
tender points. Tender points are
distinct from trigger points seen in
other pain syndromes. Unlike
tender points, trigger points can
occur in isolation and represent a
source of radiating pain, even in
the absence of direct pressure.
Symptoms

Fibromyalgia pain can mimic
the pain that occurs with
various types of arthritis.
However, the significant
swelling, destruction, and
deformity of joints seen in
diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis does not occur with
fibromyalgia syndrome alone.
Symptoms

The soft-tissue pain of
fibromyalgia is described as
deep-aching, radiating,
gnawing, shooting or burning,
and ranges from mild to
severe. Fibromyalgia
sufferers tend to wake up with
body aches and stiffness.
Symptoms

For some patients, pain
improves during the day and
increases again during the
evening, though many
patients with fibromyalgia
have day-long, unrelenting
pain. Pain can increase with
activity, cold or damp
weather, anxiety and stress.
Specific Symptoms

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Body aches
Chronic facial muscle pain or
aching
Fatigue
Irritable bowel syndrome
Memory difficulties and cognitive
difficulties
Multiple tender areas (muscle and
joint pain) on the back of the neck,
shoulders, sternum, lower back,
hips, shins, elbows, knees
Specific Symptoms
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Numbness and tingling
Palpitations
Reduced exercise tolerance
Sleep disturbances
Tension or migraine
headaches
Causes and Risk Factors

The cause of this disorder is
unknown. Physical or
emotional trauma may play a
role in development of the
syndrome. Some evidence
suggests that fibromyalgia
patients have abnormal pain
transmission responses.
Causes and Risk Factors

It has been suggested that sleep
disturbances, which are common
in fibromyalgia patients, may
actually cause the condition.
Another theory suggests that the
disorder may be associated with
changes in skeletal muscle
metabolism, possibly caused by
decreased blood flow, which
could cause chronic fatigue and
weakness.
Causes and Risk Factors

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Others have suggested that an
infectious microbe, such as a
virus, triggers the illness. At this
point, no such virus or microbe
has been identified.
Pilot studies have shown a
possible inherited tendency
toward the disease, though
evidence is very preliminary.
Men and women of all ages get
fibromyalgia, but the disorder is
most common among women
aged 20 to 50.
Tests and Diagnosis

Diagnosis of fibromyalgia
requires a history of a least 3
months of widespread pain,
and pain and tenderness in at
least 11 of 18 tender-point
sites. These tender-point sites
include fibrous tissue or
muscles of the:
These tender-point sites
include fibrous tissue or
muscles of the:
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Arms (elbows)
Buttocks
Chest
Knees
Lower back
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Neck
Rib cage
Shoulders
Thighs
Treatments

In mild cases, symptoms may go
away when stress is decreased or
lifestyle changes are
implemented. A combination of
treatments including medications,
patient education, physical
therapy, and counseling are
usually recommended. Many
fibromyalgia sufferers have found
support groups helpful.
Treatments

In 2007, the Food and Drug
Administration approved
Pregabalin (Lyrica) as the first
drug for the treatment of
fibromyalgia. In June 2008, a
second drug, Cymbalta, which
was previously approved for
treating depression, was FDA
approved for treating fibromyalgia
as well. In 2009 the FDA approved
milnacipran (Savella) for the
treatment of fibromyalgia.
Treatments

Studies show that
antidepressants in low doses can
decrease depression, relax
craniofacial and skeletal muscles,
improve sleep quality, and release
pain-killing endorphins. Other
medications that are used include
anti-inflammatory pain
medications and medications that
work on pain transmission
pathways, such as Gabapentin.
Treatments

Eating a well-balanced diet
and avoiding caffeine may
help with problems sleeping,
and may help reduce the
severity of the symptoms.
Lifestyle measures to improve
the quality of sleep can be
effective for fibromyalgia.
Treatments

Some reports indicate that
fish oil, magnesium/malic acid
combinations, or vitamins
may be effective. Reducing
stress and improving coping
skills may also help reduce
painful symptoms.
Treatments

Studies have shown that
fibromyalgia symptoms can
be relieved by aerobic
exerccise. The best way to
begin a fitness program is to
start with short sessions of
just a few minutes of gentle,
low-impact exercises such as
walking and swimming.
Compartment Syndrome

Compartment syndrome
occurs when too much
pressure builds up in and
around the muscles. It can
result from crushing injuries,
extended pressure on a blood
vessel, swelling inside a cast,
or complications from
surgery.
Compartment Syndrome


Symptoms - include severe pain, a
feeling of fullness or tightness in
the muscle, and a tingling
sensation. Numbness indicates
cellular death, and it may be
difficult to restore full function
once it reaches that point.
Treatment - Surgery to relieve the
pressure is usually required.
Rhabdomyolosis


Damages both the muscles and
the kidneys by causing the
muscle fibers to breakdown and
be released into the blood stream.
The fibers erode into a substance
called myoglobin, which blocks
the kidney structures and can lead
to kidney failure.
Etiology - Alcoholism, heatstroke,
cocaine and heroin overdoses,
seizures, and severe exertion are
possible causes.
Rhabdomyolysis


Treatment - If the condition is
caught early, intravenous fluids
are given to restore hydration.
Once kidney damage occurs,
treatment focuses on restoring
renal functions and preventing
further damage.
Signs of rhabdomyolysis include
weakness, muscle stiffness and
pain, joint pain and weight gain.
Myasthenia Gravis

A neuromuscular disorder
characterized by variable
weakness of voluntary
muscles, which often
improves with rest and
worsens with activity. The
condition is caused by an
abnormal immune response.
Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis affects
about 3 of every 10,000
people and can affect people
at any age. It is most common
in young women and older
men.
Signs and Symptoms





Muscle
weakness,
including:
Difficulty
swallowing,
frequent gagging,
or choking
Paralysis
Muscles that
function best
after rest
Drooping head



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
Difficulty
climbing stairs
Difficulty lifting
objects
Need to use
hands to rise
from sitting
positions
Difficulty talking
Difficulty
chewing
Signs and Symptoms




Vision problems:
Double vision
Difficulty
maintaining
steady gaze
Eyelid drooping


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

Additional
symptoms that
may be
associated with
this disease:
Hoarseness or
changing voice
Fatigue
Facial paralysis
Drooling
Breathing
difficulty
Causes and Risk Factors

Weakness occurs when the
nerve impulse to initiate or
sustain movement does not
adequately reach the muscle
cells. This is caused when
immune cells target and
attack the body's own cells
(an autoimmune response).
Causes and Risk Factors

This immune response
produces antibodies that
attach to affected areas,
preventing muscle cells from
receiving chemical messages
(neurotransmitters) from the
nerve cell.
Causes and Risk Factors

The cause of autoimmune
disorders such as myasthenia
gravis is unknown. In some
cases, myasthenia gravis may
be associated with tumors of
the thymus (an organ of the
immune system).
Causes and Risk Factors

Patients with myasthenia
gravis have a higher risk of
having other autoimmune
disorders like thyrotoxicosis,
rheumatoid arthritis, and
systemic lupus
erythematosus.
Test and Diagnosis

Examination may be normal
or may show muscle
weakness that progressively
worsens as the muscle is
used. In many patients the
eye muscles are affected first.
Reflexes and sensation are
normal. Weakness may affect
the arms, legs, breathing or
swallowing muscles, and any
other muscle group.





Repetitive stimulation (type of nerve
conduction study) is more sensitive.
Single-fiber EMG can be very sensitive.
Acetylcholine receptor antibodies may
be present in the blood.
A Tensilon test is positive in some
cases but must be interpreted carefully
by an experienced doctor. Baseline
muscle strength is evaluated. After
Tensilon (edrophonium, a medication
that blocks the action of the enzyme
that breaks down the transmitter
acetylcholine) is given, muscle function
may improve.
The patient may need a CT or MRI scan
of the chest to look for a possible tumor
in the thyroid.
Treatment


There is no known cure for
myasthenia gravis. However,
treatment may result in prolonged
periods of remission.
Lifestyle adjustments may enable
continuation of many activities.
Activity should be planned to
allow scheduled rest periods. An
eye patch may be recommended if
double vision is bothersome.
Stress and excessive heat
exposure should be avoided
because they can worsen
symptoms.
Treatment

Some medications, such as
neostigmine or pyridostigmine,
improve the communication between
the nerve and the muscle.
Prednisone and other medications
that suppress the immune response
(such as azathioprine,
cyclosporine, or mycophenolate
mofetil) may be used if symptoms
are severe and there is inadequate
response to other medications.
Treatment

Plasmapheresis, a technique in
which blood plasma containing
antibodies against the body is
removed from the body and
replaced with fluids (donated
antibody-free plasma or other
intravenous fluids), may reduce
symptoms for up to 4 - 6 weeks
and is often used to optimize
conditions before surgery
Treatment



When other treatments do not
improve systems, patients may
receive intravenous
immunoglobulin.
Surgical removal of the thymus
(thymectomy) may result in
permanent remission or less need
for medicines.
Patients with eye problems may
try lens prisms to improve vision.
Surgery may also be performed on
the eye muscles.
Complications




Restrictions on lifestyle
(possible)
Side effects of medications
(see the specific medication)
Complications of surgery
Myasthenic crisis (breathing
difficulty), may be life
threatening
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
(cont.)

Muscle sprain


A traumatic injury to the
tendons, muscles, or
ligaments of a joint
Muscle strain

Torn or stretched tendons and
muscles, causing pain
Pharmacology
Complete a Medication
Worksheet for the following
drugs:









Lyrica
Savella
Cymbalta
Gabapentin
Fish Oil
Prednisone
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine
Azathioprine









Cyclosporine
Mycophenolate
mofetil
Soma
Flexeril
Valium
Skelaxin
Myfortic
Robaxin
Zanaflex
Medication Sheet should
include:






Drug Generic and
Brand Name
Classification
Preparation
Route available
Dosage available
Frequency
administered







Drug Action
Side Effects
Incompatibilities
Administered
Times
Contraindications
Teaching
Health Care
Provider
Implications
Related Health Careers







Athletic Trainer
Chiropractor
Doctor of
Osteopathic
Medicine
Massage
Therapist
Myologist
Neurologist
Orthopedist






Physiatrist
Physical
Therapist
Podiatrist
Prosthetist
Rheumatologist
Sports Medicine
Physician
Medical Terminology

Root Word(s):

My(o)- a word element denoting
muscle








Myasthenia- muscular weakness
Myocardial- pertaining to the heart of the
muscle
Myokinesis- movement of the muscle
Myodynia- pain of the muscle
Myomalacia- abnormal muscle softening
Electromyography- electrical recording of
muscle activity
Myositis- inflammation of muscle
Myopathy- any disease of muscle
Medical Terminology

Root Word(s):

Rhabdomy(o)- denotes skeletal
muscle
Rhabdomyoma- a benign tumor of
the skeletal muscle
 Rhabdomyosarcoma- a malignant
tumor of the skeletal muscle

Medical Terminology

Root Word(s):

Leiomy(o)- denotes smooth
muscle
Leiomyoma- benign tumor of the
smooth muscle
 Leiomyosarcoma- malignant
tumor of the smooth muscle

Abbreviations (D)








d- day
D&C- Dilatation and Cutterage
DA- Dental Assistant
DC- Doctor of Chiropractic
DDS- Doctor of Dental Surgery
DEA- Drug Enforcement Agency
del- Delivery
Dept- Department
Abbreviations (D)








DH- Dental Hygenist
DHHS- Department of Health and
Human Services
Diff- Differential White Blood Cell
Count
DDM- Doctor of Dental Medicine
DNR- Do Not Resuscitate
DO- Doctor of Osteopathy
DOA- Dead on Arrival
DOB- Date of Birth
Abbreviations (D)




DPM- Doctor of Pediatric Medicine
DPT- Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
DW- Distilled Water
Dx- Diagnosis