Transcript Chapter 36: Human Skeletal and Muscle Systems

Chapter 14
Human Locomotion
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In humans, locomotion involves
the interaction of:
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Muscles
4. Tendons
5. Ligaments
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(I) Bones
Composed mainly of calcium
Made up of living bone cells
and connective fiber tissue
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Bones provide:
Support and protection of body
organs
Anchorage for muscles
Leverage for muscles
Bone marrow for the production
of blood cells
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Bone Marrow
Found in hollow cavities of bone
These hollow cavities are known
as the Haversian canals
Produce:
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
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Joints
Where bone meets bone in an
organism
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Types of Joints
1.
2.
3.
4.
Immovable joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
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Immovable Joint
Bones that
are tightly
fitted
together
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Ball-and-Socket Joint
Can move in
all directions
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Hinge Joint
Permits back
and forth
motion
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Gliding Joint
Provides
limited
flexibility in
all directions
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(II) Cartilage
Unlike bone, cartilage is
flexible and elastic
Found at joints, nose, and ear
Absorbs shock
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Ossification
The process by which cartilage
gradually changes into bone
Ex: In humans, the skeleton of
an embryo is made up of mostly
cartilage. By adulthood, most of
this cartilage changes into bone
by the process of ossification
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(III) Muscles
Three types of muscle:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary (can be
controlled)
Involved in
locomotion
Attached to bone
Striated in
appearance
(striped)
Function as
antagonistic pairs
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Antagonistic Pairs
Muscles work as
opposites
Ex:
1. Bicep contracts
then triceps
relaxes
2. Triceps contracts
then the bicep
relaxes
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Summary
When the bicep contracts, the
arm bends upward (flexes) and
therefore the bicep is known as a
flexor
When the triceps contracts, the
arm extends outward and
therefore the triceps is known as
an extensor
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Smooth Muscle
Smooth and not
striated in
appearance
Involuntary (cannot
move)
Found in:
-walls of digestive
organs
-walls of arteries and
veins
-walls of internal
organs
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Cardiac Muscle
Found only in
the heart
Striated in
appearance
Involuntary
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(IV) Attachments
1. Ligaments- connect bone to
bone
2. Tendons- connect muscle to
bone
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(V) Disorders of Locomotion
1. Arthritis- inflammation of
the joints
2. Tendonitis- inflammation of
a tendon, usually where it is
attached to the bone
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