Transcript Chapter 28 Lesson 3

Chapter 28 Lesson 3
Responding to Common
Emergencies
You’ll learn to…
• Analyze strategies for responding to
muscle, joint, and bone injuries.
• Analyze strategies for responding to
unconsciousness.
• Analyze strategies for responding to
animal bites
• Analyze strategies for responding to
nosebleeds and to foreign objects in the
eye.
Injury to Muscles, Bones &
Joints
• When too much
stress is put on an
area of the body, an
injury may occur.
• These injuries vary in
severity and can
affect the bones,
muscles, tendons, or
ligaments.
Injuries
• Injuries to muscles,
bones & joints
happen often
• Happen to people of
all ages
• Happen at home, at
work, and at play
Muscle Cramps
• A muscle cramp is the sudden & painful
tightening of a muscle.
• Muscle cramps can occur when you’re
physically active or at rest.
• Some medications can also cause them.
Muscle Cramps continued…
• If a muscle cramp
occurs:
• Stretch out the
affected muscle
• Massage the
cramped muscle
• Apply moist heat
• Get medical help, if it
persists
Strains
• Stretching and tearing
of muscles & tendons
• Usually resulting from
overuse, caused by
lifting something
heavy or working
muscle too hard
• Symptoms include
pain, swelling,
bruising, and loss of
movement.
Sprain
• Usually result from a
sudden twisting force.
Tearing ligaments at a
joint
• Mild sprains may swell,
but usually heal quickly
• Severe sprain can
involve a
fracture/dislocation
• Joints easily injured(ankle, knee, wrist,
finger)
Sprains & Strains
• General care (R.I.C.E.)
•
•
•
•
Rest
Ice- 20 minutes on, 20 off
Compression- elastic wrap or bandage
Elevate- above the level of the heart
• Cold then heat-reduces swelling and pain
Four Basic Types of Injuries
•
•
•
•
Fractures
Dislocations
Strains
Sprains
Fractures
• Complete break,
chip or crack
• Closed
• Fractures can be
life-threatening if
they involve breaks
in large bones,
sever an artery,
affects breathing
Fractures
• Open (compound)bone breaks through
the skin
Dislocations
• Is the movement of a
bone at a joint from its
normal position
• Usually more obvious
than a fracture
• Usually tears ligament
away from bone
• Forms a bump, ridge
or hallow
Splinting
• Splint only when victim must be moved
• Only if you can do it without causing more
pain
• Splint the injury in the position you find it
• Check circulation
Types of Splints
•
•
•
•
Soft splints
Anatomic splints
Slings
Rigid splints
Unconsciousness
• Is a condition in which a person is not alert and
aware of his or her surroundings.
• There are different levels of unconsciousness
ranging from drowsiness to coma.
• The primary goal when providing first aid to an
unconscious victim is to prevent choking.
• Place victim in the recovery position until
professional medical help arrives.
Recovery Position
Fainting
• Occurs when the blood
supply to the brain is
temporarily inadequate.
• Loss of consciousness is
usually brief.
• Treat fainting as a
medical emergency until
the symptoms are
relieved and the cause is
known.
Fainting continued…
• If you feel faint, lie/sit
down and place your
head between your
knees.
• If someone else faints,
position the person on
his/her back with legs
elevated 8-12” above the
heart, unless you suspect
a head, neck or back
injury.
• If the victim vomits, roll
him/her into the recovery
position.
Concussion
• Is a jarring injury to the
brain that affects normal
brain function.
• If you suspect a person
has a concussion:
• Have victim lie down
• Use first aid for any
bleeding
• If unconscious and you
do not suspect a head,
neck or back injury, place
him/her into the recovery
position and call 911.
Animal Bites
• One of the most
serious consequences
of an animal bite is
rabies, a viral disease
of the nervous system
that causes paralysis
and death if not
treated.
• There is no cure for
rabies after symptoms
appear.
Animal Bites
• Animal bites also carry the risk for
infection, including tetanus (often a fatal
disease)
• Tetanus can be treated, the treatment is
long, difficult, and often unsuccessful.
• It can be prevented by keeping
immunizations up to date.
First Aid for Animal Bites
• Wash the bite area with mild soap & warm
water for five minutes to remove saliva &
any other foreign matter.
• Use direct pressure to control bleeding.
• If the wound is swollen, apply ice wrapped
in a towel for 10 minutes
• Cover the wound with a clean dressing or
bandage
Nosebleeds
• Often occur if the nose is struck or if the mucous
membranes dry out
• Seek medical attention if they occur often.
• Treatment:
• Tell person to breath through his/her mouth
• Have person sit and lean forward
• Do not tilt the head back-this may cause choking
if blood runs down the back of the throat.
• Use a protective barrier and press on the
bleeding nostril
Object in the Eye
• Foreign objects (dirt, sand, slivers of wood or
metal) that enter the eye are irritating & can
cause damage.
• Encourage the person not to rub the eye, but to
blink several times.
• If blinking does not work, try and find it in the
eye.
• First wash your hands and gently pull the lower
eyelid down while the person looks up.
• If you do not see anything , hold the upper eyelid
& examine while the person looks down.
Object in the Eye continued…
• If you see the object on the surface of the eye,
lightly touch it with a moist cotton swab.
• You can also flush the eye with sterile saline
solution or tap water.
• Tilt the person’s head to the side so that the
affected eye is lower than the unaffected eye.
• Hold the eye open and pour a steady stream of
cool water into the eye.
• Seek professional help if the object is not
removed.
Chapter 28 Lesson 3 Review
Questions
1. What is a fracture?
2. What is the primary goal when providing
first aid?
3. What are two common causes of
nosebleeds?
4. What does R.I.C.E stand for? And what
is it used for?