Hip, Pelvis, & Thigh Problems PPT
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Transcript Hip, Pelvis, & Thigh Problems PPT
Hip, Pelvis and Thigh
Problems:
Anatomy, Evaluation
and Management
Kevin deWeber, MD, FAAFP
Director, Sports Medicine Fellowship
USUHS Family Medicine
(credits to LTC Erik A. Dahl MD for some slides)
Objectives
Review pertinent hip, pelvis and thigh
anatomy
Describe clinical presentation of injuries
Review best examination techniques for
the hip
Briefly outline treatment for common
conditions
Hip Examination
Anatomy
History
Physical
Examination
Radiology and
Laboratory
BONY ANATOMY
Hip Capsule Ligaments
Iliopsoas bursa
Bursae
Trochanteric bursa
Between the greater trochanter and ITB
Ischial bursa
Between the ischial tuberosity and the overlying gluteus muscle
Iliopsoas bursa
Between the iliopsoas tendon and the lesser trochanter, extending
upward into the iliac fossa beneath the iliacus muscle
Largest bursa in the body
Hip - Anatomy
Multiaxial ball & socket joint
Acetabulum
1/2 sphere
Femoral head
2/3 sphere
Strong ligaments & capsule
Maximally stable
History
Age
infancy: congenital hip dysplasia
3-12 year old boys: Legg-Calve-Perthes,
SCFE, acute synovitis
middle age & elderly: osteoarthritis
Mechanism of injury
land on outside hip
land on knee
repetitive loading
History
Pain details
location
snapping
progression of symptoms
exacerbating factors
alleviating factors
Weakness
Occupation, Sport
Observation
Gait
Posture
Balance
Limb position
shortened, adducted, medially rotated
abducted, laterally rotated
shortened, laterally rotated
Leg shortening
Inspection
Pelvic unleveling (iliac crest levels)
Pelvic rotation (PSIS levels)
If asymmetric, measure leg lengths
Leg Length Measurements
Eyeball method
Measurement method
Anterior Palpation
Iliopsoas bursa
Posterior Palpation
Sciatic nerve palpation
Range of Motion: pearls
Quick screen w/ Log-roll IR/ER:
pain may be from intra-articular fracture,
synovitis, or infection
Decreased IR:
First plane to be painful in OA
Range of Motion
Flexion: 110 to 120
degrees
Extension: 10 to 15
degrees
Abduction: 30 to 50
degrees
Adduction: 30
degrees
External rotation: 40
to 60 degrees
Internal rotation: 30
to 40 degrees
Examination
Strength testing
isometric
eccentric
knee extension
knee flexion
Hip Flexion Strength
Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, tensor fascia lata,
pectineus
Hip Extension Strength
Hamstrings, gluteus maximus
Hip Adduction Strength
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus,
gracilis, pectineus, oburator externus
Hip Abduction Testing
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
Internal Rotation Strength
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
External Rotation Strength
Piriformis, Obturator internus & externus, Superior/inferior
Gemelli, Quadratus femoris, Gluteus maximus
Abdominal strength
Special Tests
Patrick’s Test
(FAbER)
hip joint
SI joint
Gaenslen’s Sign
Pain at ipsilateral
SIJ is positive test
Special Tests
modified Thomas Test
hip flexor and quad flexibility
Special Tests
Ober Test
iliotibial band flexibility
Special Tests
Piriformis Test
Piriformis flexibility or
pain
Special Tests
Popliteal Angle
Hamstring flexibilty
Special Tests
Labral Injury
FAdAxL: flexion,
Adduction, Axial
Load + some IR/ER
pain +/- click
True Hip Pain
Misdiagnosis Common
The patients studied by Lesher's team received hip
injections for pain. Prior to hip injecton, patients told
doctors where they felt pain:
Buttocks: 71%
Thigh: 57%
Groin: 55%
Lower leg: 22%
Foot: 6%
Knee: 2%
SOURCE: John Lesher, M.D. 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pain
Medicine, San Diego, Feb. 22-25, 2006. News release, American Academy of Pain
Medicine.
Think outside the pelvis!
Abdominal exam
Obturator and Iliopsoas signs
Back exam
Pelvic exam in females
Hip joint problems can radiate to KNEE
Diagnostic Imaging
Radiographs
Anterior-Posterior view
Frog leg view
STANDING films to r/o early
OA
Bone scan: stress fxs
CT: subtle fractures
MRI: soft tissue, stress fx
Arthrogram: labral tears
Approach to hip problems
Better anatomy knowledge better
diagnoses
Differentiate Anterior, Lateral, and
Posterior Hip Pain
Develop an appropriate differential based on
the location and the exam
Consider AGE in DDx
Margo K, et al. Evaluation and management of hip
pain: An algorithmic approach J Fam Pract. 2003, 52:8
Common Hip Problems by
Age
Newborn – Congenital dislcation of hip
Age 2-8 – AVN of hip (Legg-CalvePerthes), sysnovitis
Age10-14 – Slipped Cap Fem Epiphysis
Age 14-25 – Stress Fracture
Age 20-40 – Labral Tear
Age >40 – Osteoarthritis
Anterior Hip Pain
Differential Dx
Osteoarthritis
Muscle strains or tendinopathy
Stress fracture (femoral neck, pubis)
Sports “hernia”
Osteitis pubis
Acetabular labral tears
Obturator or ilioinguinal nerve entrapment
Meralgia paresthetica (may be lateral)
Inflammatory arthritis
Iliac crest apophysitis
AVN of femoral head
Lateral Hip Pain
Differential Dx
Greater trochanteric bursitis
ITB
Meralgia paresthetica
OA, labral tear, AVN
TFL or gluteus medius strain
Posterior Hip Pain
Differential Dx
Lumbar spine disease and radicolopathy
Eval for “red flags”
Sacroiliac joint disorders
Hip extensor strain or tendinopathy
Glut max, hamstrings
External rotator strain
Piriformis strain or “syndrome”
Aortoiliac vascular occlusive disease (rare)
Specific Conditions
Osteitis Pubis
Repetitive trauma to pubic symphysis due to
overuse
Running/cutting, esp soccer, football, basketball
S/Sx: insidious onset dull anterior groin pain;
may radiate; TTP over PS; +/- pain w/
resisted Adduction or passive Abduction
Xrays helpful
Tx: relative rest, brief NSAID, cross-tng,
stretching/strength rehab,
consider steroid injection
Hip Pointer
Contusion to the iliac crest
S/Sx: pain, swelling, and
ecchymosis
severe limit to motion
+/- palpable hematoma
Xrays to r/o fractures
TX: rest, ice, compression,
?benefit from steroid/lido inj after
acute phase, progressive ROM,
strength rehab
RTP: padding over area
Piriformis Syndrome
Pain due to sciatic nerve
compression at piriformis
Cause: trauma, prolonged
sitting, overuse; anomalies in
15-20%
S/Sx:
dull buttock pain +/- radiation
into leg
TTP over mid-buttock
Pain worse with passive IR or
resisted ER
-Tx: relative rest, ER stretching,
+/- steroid injection
Trochanteric bursitis
Causes:
friction between IT band, glut
medius/minimus/max and greater
trochanter; common in running w/
improper biomechanics and overtraining
direct blows
S/Sx:
local pain, tenderness over the greater
trochanter
Eval for leg length discrep,
adductor/abductor muscle imbalance,
hyperpronation
Tx: relative rest, ice, brief NSAID, ITB
stretching, +/- steroid injection
Address biomechanical defects above
Ischial bursitis
Cause: excessive friction over ischial
tuberosity, or direct blow (hematoma, scarring)
S/Sx: pain with sitting, TTP over ischial
tuberosity, pain w/ passive hip flexion and
active/resistive hip extension
Xray to r/o fractures in traumatic hx
Tx:
Ice, padding, brief NSAID
Prolonged: steroid injection
Refractory: surgical excision
Iliopsoas bursitis
Cause: overuse of hip flexors
S/Sx:
anterior hip pain, +/- snap
preferred position of hip in flex/ER,
TTP to deep palpation anteriorly,
pain with passive hip extension
Tx: relative rest, ice, brief NSAID,
stretching of iliopsoas,
+/- steroid injection (preferably w/
guidance)
Sports “hernia”
TTP lower abd wall
No palpable hernias
Co-incident injuries
Adductor tendinopathy
Osteitis pubis
Imaging: consider MRI to
r/o other conditions
Dynamic US helpful?
Tx: relative rest, flexibility,
strength surgery if
refractory
Muscle strains
Adductors, gluteals, quads, hamstring tears
usually from overstretching during eccentric
contraction, esp when muscle fatigued
Risk factors
Early in season
Muscle imbalance, inflexibility, inadequate warmup
S/Sx: localized pain and TTP, +/- swelling or
ecchymosis , rarely palpable muscle defect,
and decreased ROM
Graded I, II, III similar to sprains
Xrays to r/o avulsion fxs if near muscle origins;
MRI if suspected complete tear
Tx: PRICEMM, Rehab
(ROMstrengthcardiosport-specific tng)
Quadriceps Contusions
Direct blow to muscle causes tissue damage
S/Sx: localized TTP, +/-ecchymosis
Grade I: knee flexion >90
Grade II: knee flexion 45-90
Grade III: knee flexion <45
Tx: PRICE; avoid NSAID 48 hrs
Max knee flexion, wrap in place 24 hrs
Crutches, gradual WB, rehab (ROMstrength)
RTP when FROM, 90%+ strength, activity w/o pain
Complications:
Compartment syndrome (acute)
Myositis ossificans (chronic)
Slowly enlarging mass, redness, increasing pain
Xrays + 3-4 weeks, BS/US sooner
Stress Fractures
Caused by repetitive overuse stresses
RF’s: training errors, females, inadequate footwear,
intrinsic factors
Pelvic, femoral neck, femoral shaft
S/Sx: insidious pain w/ activity; +/- local TTP or
pain w/ hop test, +/- decreased ROM
Xrays first, MRI or BS if neg but suspected
Tx
Femoral: immediate NWB, Ortho referral
Tension sidesurgery
Pelvic/femoral shaft: painless relative rest; graduated
WB, strength/stretching rehab, address other RF’s
Hip fractures
Most common
through femoral neck,
various traumatic
causes
S/Sx: pain, swelling,
and loss of function
Involved leg
shortened and
externally rotated
Tx: Ortho referral,
surgery
Hip Dislocation
Femoral head usually goes
posteriorly
common mechanism: knee to
dashboard during traffic collision
S/Sx: extreme pain, obvious
deformity, unwilling to move the
extremity; position typically
flexion, adduction, and internal
rotation (FAdIR)
Tx: emergent reduction in ER
under sedation (Ortho STAT!)
AVN of Femoral Head
Causes:
Trauma: fxs, hip dislocation, surgery
Medical conditions (numerous)
S/Sx: nonspecific hip pain, may radiate to knee;
exam may be relatively unremarkable, with decr
IR/ER as dz advances
Xrays usually diagnostic >3mo duration; MRI or
BS if normal
Tx: make pt NWB and refer to Ortho
Conservative tx vs hip replacement depending on
severity
Conditions in adolescents
and children
Pelvic Apophysitis
THE PHYSICIAN AND SPORTSMEDICINE - VOL 29 - NO. 1 - JANUARY 2001
Pelvic Apophysitis
Cause: overuse at tendinous insertion at
apophysis
Iliac crest > ASIS, AIIS, lesser troch, greater
troch, ischial tuberosity
S/Sx: localized pain, TTP, pain w/
passive stretch of attached muscle
Xrays to r/o avulsion fxs
Tx: relative rest (rare crutches), ice, brief
NSAID?, cross training, strength rehab,
flexibility
Pelvic Avulsion Fractures
Caused by violent contraction of the attaching
muscle in skeletally immature athlete
Sprint, jump, soccer, gymnast, dancer, football
Ischial tuberosity > AIIS > ASIS > iliac crest, lesser
troch, greater troch
S/Sx: sudden pain +/- pop, poor ROM, local pain
and TTP +/- muscle bulging away from the
attachment
Xrays needed to eval size/displacement
Tx: PRICEMM, progressive rehab
Ortho referral if displacement >2 cm
Slipped Capital Femoral
Epiphysis (SCFE)
Slippage of femoral epiphysis laterally off
femoral head
Most prevalent ages 9-15, esp overweight
Bilateral up to 50%
S/Sx: insidious poorly localized hip/groin
pain +/- radiation to knee, worse w/ activ
May have limited IR
Xrays usually diagnostic; MRI early if neg
but dz suspected
Tx: immed NWB, Ortho referral, surgery
Kline’s Line: tangent to superior femoral neck on
AP view
Abnormal:
Less or no
transsection
of physis
Normal
transsection
of physis
Legg-Calve-Perthes Dz
Avascular necrosis of proximal femoral epiphysis
Most prevalent ages 4-9, males 4:1
Develops slowly
S/Sx: intermittent deep hip pain worse w/ activity,
+/- radiating to groin, ant/med thigh, knee;
limping, decreased ROM, and hip flexor tightness may
be noted
Xrays usually diagnostic: MRI or BS early if xray
neg but AVN suspected
Tx: Ortho referral; crutches, pain meds
Acute Transient (“Toxic”)
Synovitis
inflammatory process of hip w/ chronic irritation
and excess secretion of synovial fluid within
the capsule; ? cause
Most common dx in limping child <10, but it’s a
Dx of exclusion;
r/o septic arthritis, SCFE, stress fx, etc.
Xrays normal; MRI helpful ruling out other causes
Labs: normal CBC, CRP
S/Sx: pain w/ walking, low-grade fever
Tx: relative rest, analgesics
Conclusion
Know your anatomy
Know why you’re doing an exam
References
Birrer R. and O’Connor F. Sports Medicine for the Primary Care
Physician. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.
Greene W. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. Rosemont:
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2001.
Hoppenfeld S. Physical Examination of the Spine and
Extremities. East Norwalk: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1976;5974.
Lillegard W. Evaluation of Knee Injuries. In W Lillegard (ed),
Handbook of Sports Medicine. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann,
1999: 233-249.
Netter F. Atlas of Human Anatomy. West Caldwell: CIBAGeigy, 1989.
Tandeter H. et al. Acute Knee Injuries: Use of Decision Rules
for Selective Radiograph Ordering. American Family Physician.
Dec 1999; 60: 2599-608. (For Radiograph Images)