Transcript The Muscular System

The Muscular and
Skeletal Systems
Warm-up:
• Have you ever have had an injury to a
muscle? Or broken a bone? What happened?
How long did it take to heal? What type of
treatment did you have to do?
• “The muscular system produces an endless variety of
actions by using muscles as coordinated teams. Muscle
tissue creates bodily movements and it also powers
internal processes, from the heartbeat to the movement of
food through the intestines, the adjustment of artery
diameter to the focusing of the eye. The muscular system
leads a very physical existence, in which regular use
prevents wasting, and injury is more common than
disease. However, muscles are helpless without the
nervous system to stimulate and integrate their activity.”
The Human Body Book—
Muscular System
• The function of the muscular system is to contract and
relax your muscles.
• It allows your body to move.
• There are approximately 640 muscles in the body.
 About 42% muscle mass in males.
 About 36% muscle mass in females.
• All muscles bear Latin names that describe one or more
aspects of their shape, structure, or origin.
• Flexor/Extensor; longus/maximus/minimus
Muscular System
What Muscles Do!
• The muscular system allows you to move voluntarily
or involuntarily.
• Voluntary Muscles
• Muscles that you are in control of and allow your body to
move, such as pick up a ball, or walk across a room.
• What are some voluntary muscles you know?
• Involuntary Muscles
• Muscles that work automatically rather than under
conscious control.
• They control such actions as breathing, digestion, and
most importantly your heart beat.
How Muscles Work
• A muscle is made up of
hundreds of long cells called
muscle fibers.
• Major muscles in the body are
made up of hundreds of
bundles of these fibers.
• When these bundles are
stimulated by nerve impulses,
or signals, they contract, or
shorten.
• When they relax, the bundles
extend, or stretch.
Types of Muscles
• There are three types of muscles:
• Smooth muscles
• Muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways
and hollow internal organs.
• Can be found in the digestive tract, the urinary bladder, the
lining of the blood vessels, etc.
• They are involuntary muscles.
• Cardiac muscle
• A type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart.
• Involuntary muscle.
• Responsible for contraction of the heart.
Types of Muscles
• Skeletal Muscles
• Muscles that are attached to bone.
• Voluntary muscles
• Skeletal muscles often work together in pairs to
produce movement. One muscle contracts while
the other relaxes.
• What skeletal muscles can you think of that work
in pairs to produce movement?
• Biceps/triceps; hamstring/quadriceps
Types of Muscles
Muscles and tendons
• Tendons are tough, fibrous cords of connective tissue
that link skeletal muscles to bones.
• Tendonitis – inflammation of the tendon
• Result of injury, overuse, or natural aging.
• Treatment mayincludes ultrasound or antiinflammatory medication to reduce pain and
swelling.
• Torn or Ruptured Tendon – a sudden, powerful
muscle contracting or wrenching injury can
partially or completely tear a tendon.
• Example: Kobe Byrant—torn Achilles tendon
Caring for Your Muscles
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Get regular exercise
Eat high protein foods to build muscle
Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles.
Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to
protect muscles during any physical activity.
• Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool
down after exercising to prevent injury.
• What are some good sources of protein for an after workout
snack?
Understanding Muscular Problems
• Muscle soreness from a strenuous workout is a
good thing, and although you may be sore, it is
only temporary. Continuing to move will help get
rid of soreness sooner.
• More serious muscle injuries include:
• Bruises – result from a blow to the body. Blood
vessels rupture and leak.
• Treat with ice to reduce initial swelling.
• Muscle strains or sprains
• Result when muscles are stretched or partially torn from
overexertion.
• Apply ice to reduce swelling and rest affected area.
• Sprains and strains
are common
injuries that share
similar signs and
symptoms, but
involve different
parts of your body.
• A sprain is a stretching or
tearing of ligaments — the
tough bands of fibrous tissue
that connect one bone to
another in your joints. The
most common location for a
sprain is in your ankle.
• A strain is a stretching or
tearing of muscle or tendon. A
tendon is a fibrous cord of
tissue that connects muscles to
bones. Strains often occur in
the lower back and in the
hamstring muscle in the back
of your thigh.
Strain vs. Sprain
• “With its highly engineered joints, the living skeleton
provides a framework of stiff levels and stable plates that
permits a multitude of movements. Intimately connected
with the muscular system, the skeleton also integrates
functionally with the cardiovascular system—every
second, millions of fresh blood cells pour out of bone
marrow. A healthy diet that provides enough minerals,
especially calcium, along with regular moderate exercise
can reduce the risks of many bone and joint disorders.”
The Human Body Book—
Skeletal System
How the Skeletal System Works
• The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and connective
tissue.
• Makes up approximately one-fifth of a healthy body’s weight.
• Anatomically, the skeleton has two regions:
• Axial—skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
• Consists of 80 bones.
• Appendicular—the “hanging” skeleton; bones in the limbs, the
pectoral and pelvic girdles.
• Consists of 64 in the upper and 62 in the lower.
• The connective tissues:
• Cushion the bones
• Attach bone to bone
• Attach bone to muscle
Functions of your
skeletal system:
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Provide support for the body.
Protect internal tissues and organs from damage
Act as a framework for attached muscles.
Allow movement of limbs and digits.
Produce new red and white blood cells.
Store fat and minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous.
Bones
• Made up of living tissue formed into different layers.
• Compact bone layer– hard and densely packed outer layer.
• Spongy bone layer – less dense bone with a network of
cavities filled with red bone marrow, where blood cells are
produced.
• Yellow bone marrow – stores fat.
• Bones are categorized by their shape:
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Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone, and irregular bones
Can you name a bone that fits each of these categories?
Connective Tissue
• There are three types of connective tissue:
• Cartilage
• Strong flexible tissue that acts as a cushion between two bones to
reduce friction.
• It provides lightweight, flexible support at places in your body such
as the outer ear.
• Also works as a “shock absorber”
• All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage.
• Ligament
• Band of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that attaches one bone to
another bone.
• Attach to create joints. What are some joints can you think of?
• Tendon
• Fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone.
• What are some tendons that you can name?
Joints
• Joints, or articulations, are points at which bones meet.
• Some joints, such as the ones between the bones of the skull
do not move. These are called fixed joints.
• Flexible joints are ones that move, these are called synovial
joints:
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Ball-and-socket joints—allow for the greatest range of motion
Hinge joints—allows for forward and backward movement
Pivot joints—rotate on an axis
Saddle joints—allow bones to slide back and forth with limited
rotation
• Gliding joints—Movement is limited by strong encasing
ligments
• http://www.jeffsims.net/flash/skeleton.html
Caring for the Skeletal System
• A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and regular
checkups are ways to care for your skeletal system.
• Foods high in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorous help
prevent skeletal disorders.
• During regular checkups, your doctor can screen for skeletal
disorders like scoliosis.
• Weight-bearing activities such as walking or weight training
helps bones stay strong.
• Wearing protective gear during sports reduces the risk of
bone fractures.
Understanding Skeletal Problems
• Poor nutrition, infections, sports injuries, and poor posture
can lead to problems with the skeletal system.
• Fractures – any type of break in the bone
• Hairline fracture—parts of the bone do not separate.
• Greenstick fracture—crack on one side of a long bone cause by
bending under force.
• Transverse fracture—a powerful force may cause a break across
the bone width.
• Comminuted fracture—bone shatters into several fragments.
• Spiral fracture—bone breaks diagonally across the shaft.
• Compound fracture—when broken end of bone breaks through
the skin.
http://video.about.com/orthopedics/Fractures-1.htm
• Injuries to joints
• Can occur from overuse, strain, or disease.
• Dislocation – when a bone slips out of place, tearing the
ligaments that attach the bone at the joint.
• Torn cartilage – can result from a sharp blow to a joint or a
severe twisting of a joint.
• Bursitis – results from the painful inflammation of bursa, a
fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction in joints.
• Bunions – painful swelling of the bursae in the first joints of
the big toes. Wearing ill-fitting shoes can make bunions
worse.
• Arthritis – the inflammation of the joint, resulting from injury,
natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease.
• Osteoporosis
• Condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone
tissue.
• Bones weaken and become brittle.
• Common in older adults.
• Bone tissue loss is a natural part of aging, but healthful
behaviors during your teen years can reduce your risk of
developing osteoporosis later in life.
• Eating foods containing calcium, vitamin D, and
phosphorous will help bones remain strong and healthy.
• Regular weight bearing activity, such as walking and weight
training, stimulates bone cells to increase bone mass.
• http://youtu.be/F7p23Zro7LU