Transcript Children`s Fitness Development

Chapter 12
Physical Development of
Children
© Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development.
McGraw-Hill
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Key Concept
The Physical Fitness of Children Has
Been Assessed Through a Variety of
Laboratory and Field-based Measures,
and May Be Improved Through the
Application of Appropriate Training
Techniques
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“Fitness” Defined
Physical Fitness Is a Positive State
of Well-being Influenced by
Regular Physical Activity, Genetic
Make-up, and Nutritional
Adequacy
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Are Children Fit?
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No (> obesity, < fitness scores,
sedentary lifestyles, conventional
wisdom)
Yes (children are naturally active, lack
of “gold standard”, apples & oranges,
lack of criterion measures)
Perhaps (what do you think?)
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Components of Healthrelated Fitness (Table 12.2)
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Aerobic endurance
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Joint flexibility
Body composition
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Aerobic Endurance
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Max VO2 (45-55ml.Kg)
Heart rate responses (Children around age
6 at rest ~80bpm, around age 10 ~70 bpm)
Measures of physical activity (activity
recall, heart rate monitors, doubly labeled
water, direct observation, accelerometers)
Aerobic trainability (“trigger” hypothesis)
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Muscular Strength and
Endurance (Table 12.1)
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Isotonic/isometric/isokinetic
The Strength – Endurance
continuum
Measures of Strength (Lab:
dynamometers & tensiometers,
Field: internal validity?)
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Muscular Strength and
Endurance (cont.)
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Muscular endurance (lab: ecological validity?,
field: sit-ups, push-ups, pull-ups)
Minimal sex differences
Trainability (resistance training vs. weight
lifting)
Training results (positive: neuromuscular
adaptation, muscle hypertrophy, negative:
growth plate injuries, overuse injuries)
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Joint Flexibility
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Static/Dynamic flexibility (static
vs. ballistic stretching)
Joint specific
Girls outperform boys
Preadolescent growth spurt (bone
growth precedes muscle & tendon
growth)
Trainability (“use it or loose it”)
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Body Composition
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Proportion of lean body mass to fat
body mass
Measures (Lab: hydrostatic weighing,
electrical impedance, Field: skin-fold
calipers, BMI)
Sedentary lifestyles and obesity
Trainability (team approach, physical
activity/nutrition education)
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Components of Motor
Fitness (Table 12.3)
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Movement control factors:
-balance (static & dynamic)
-coordination (gross motor & eye-hand)
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Force production factors:
-movement speed
-agility/quickness
-power
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Coordination
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Sensory-motor integration process
Boys more proficient than girls
from age 6>
Measures (cable jump, hoping,
skipping, ball dribble with hands or
feet)
Changes (linear throughout
childhood)
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Balance
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Vestibular apparatus (semicircular
canals, otolith, macula)
Girls more proficient up to age 7-8
Measures (Static: one foot
balances, Dynamic: walking board)
Changes (linear improvements
from 2-12)
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Movement Speed
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Reaction time & movement time
No sex differences to age 6-7, boys
faster at all later ages
Measures (dashes to 20-50
meters)
Changes (linear throughout
childhood)
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Agility/Quickness
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Speed with directional changes
Minimal sex differences during early
childhood
Measures (shuttle runs, side straddle)
Changes (linear for both boys and girls,
but girls level at age 13 while boys
continue to improve through
adolescence)
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Power
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Explosive strength (strength x speed)
Boys outperform girls at all ages
Measures (vertical jump, long jump,
distance throw, velocity throw)
Changes (linear changes - early
childhood through adolescence in
boys, to 13-14 in girls)
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Concluding Concept
Although the Components of
Childhood Fitness Can Be Modified
Through Training, We Need To Find
Ways to Help Children Sustain
Increased Physical Activity That Are
Both Purposeful and Meaningful
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