Transcript Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
Chapter 1:
Introduction to the Microbiology
1-Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen
with the naked eye. A microscope is needed to view them.
2-Microorganisms include:
-bacteria.
-viruses.
-fungi.
-protozoa.
-helminthes (worms).
-algae.
Branches of Study within
Microbiology
1-Immunology.
2-Public health microbiology and epidemiology.
3-Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology.
4-Biotechnology.
5-Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA
technology.
Microbes are Involved in:
1-Nutrient production and energy flow.
2-Decomposition.
3-Biotechnology.
4-Genetic engineering.
5-Bioremediation.
6-Infectious disease.
Infectious Diseases
-Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases.
-10 B new infections/year worldwide.
-13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide.
Microbeal Characteristics
-Procaryotes and eukaryotes:
A-Procaryotes – Microscopic, unicellular organisms.
Lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
B-Eucaryotes – Unicellular and multicellular
organisms. Have nuclei and membrane-bound
organelles.
C-Viruses
A cellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic
acid and protein.
Microbial Dimensions
-Procaryotes are measured in micrometers.
-Viruses in nanometers.
-Helminths are measured in millimeters.
Historical Foundations of
Microbiology
-300 years of contributions by many
-Prominent discoveries include:
*microscopy.
*scientific method.
*development of medical microbiology.
*microbiology techniques.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
1-Dutch linen merchant.
2-First to observe living microbes.
3-Single-lens magnified up to 300X.
Discovery of Spores and
Sterilization
-John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each demonstrated
the presence of heat resistant forms of some
microbes.
*Cohn determined these forms to be endospores.
Sterility requires the elimination of all life forms
including endospores and viruses.
Development of Aseptic
Techniques
1-Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes – observed that
mothers of home births had fewer infections than
those who gave birth in hospital.
2-Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis – correlated infections with
physicians coming directly from autopsy room to
maternity ward.
Nosocomial Infections infections acquired during stay in
hospitals
Development of Aseptic
Techniques
3-Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic techniques
reducing microbes in medical settings to prevent
infections.
-involved disinfection of hands using chemicals
prior to surgery.
-use of heat for sterilization.
Pathogens and Germ Theory of
Disease
The germ theory of disease states that some diseases
are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms,
too small to see without magnification, invade
humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth
and reproduction within their hosts can cause a
disease.
Pathogens and Germ Theory of
Disease
"Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium, but also a
protist, fungus, virus, prion, or viroid. Microorganisms
that cause disease are called pathogens, and the
diseases they cause are called infectious diseases.
Pathogens and Germ Theory of
Disease
Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a
disease, environmental and hereditary factors often
influence the severity of the disease, and whether a
particular host individual becomes infected when
exposed to the pathogen.
Germ Theory :Two major
contributors:
1-Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).
-Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.
-Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
-Developed pasteurization.
-Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of
Disease.
-Developed a rabies vaccine.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Germ Theory :Two major
contributors:
2-Robert Koch (1843-1910).
-Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of
experimental steps that verified the germ theory.
-Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera
-Developed pure culture methods.
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying and
Naming Living Things
-Formal system originated by Carl von Linné
(1701-1778).
Concerned with:
1-classification – orderly arrangement of organisms
into groups.
2-nomenclature – assigning names.
3-identification – discovering and recording traits of
organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes.
Levels of Classification
-Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-species
Naming Microorganisms
-Binomial (scientific) nomenclature.
-Gives each microbe 2 names:
Genus - noun, always capitalized.
species - adjective, lowercase.
-Both italicized or underlined
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
(B. subtilis)
Bacillus subtilis
(E. coli)
Escherichia coli