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PowerPoint to accompany
Foundations
in
Microbiology
Fifth Edition
Talaro
Chapter
1
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Microbiology
• The study of organisms too small to be seen
without magnification
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bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoa
helminths (worms)
algae
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Branches of study within
microbiology
• Immunology (vaccination and blood testing)
• Public health microbiology & epidemiology
(monitor and control spread of diseases; CDC and WHO)
• Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
(food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production
ecology of natural waters and water quality and treatment)
• Biotechnology (Genetic engineering & recombinant
DNA technology)
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Microbes are involved in
• nutrient production & energy flowphotosynthesis and decomposition
• production of foods, drugs & vaccines
• bioremediation
• causing disease
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Impact of pathogens
• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause
diseases
• 10 B infections/year worldwide
• 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide
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Worldwide infectious disease statistics
10 most common
infectious causes
of death
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Characteristics of microbes
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• First to observe living
microbes
• his single-lens
magnified up to 300X
(1632-1723)
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Scientific Method
• Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation
that can be supported or refuted by
observation & experimentation
• A lengthy process of experimentation,
analysis & testing either supports or refutes
the hypothesis.
• Results must be published & repeated by
other investigators.
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• If hypothesis is supported by a growing
body of evidence & survives rigorous
scrutiny, it moves to the next level of
confidence - it becomes a theory
• Evidence of a theory is so compelling that
the next level of confidence is reached - it
becomes a Law or principle
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Spontaneous generation
Early belief that some forms of life
could arise from vital forces present in
nonliving or decomposing matter.
(flies from manure, etc)
Louis Pasteur
• Showed microbes caused
fermentation & spoilage
• Disproved spontaneous
generation of m.o.
• Developed aseptic
techniques.
• Developed a rabies vaccine.
(1822-1895)
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Germ theory of disease
Many diseases are caused by the growth
of microbes in the body and not by sins,
bad character, or poverty, etc.
Robert Koch
• Established a sequence of
experimental steps to
show that a specific m.o.
causes a particular
disease.
• Developed pure culture
methods.
• Identified cause of
anthrax, TB, & cholera.
(1843-1910)
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Taxonomy - system for organizing,
classifying & naming living things
• Domain - Archaea, Bacteria &
Eukarya
• Kingdom - 5
• Phylum or Division
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species
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3 domains
• Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan
• Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme
environments, high salt, heat, etc
• Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles
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Naming micoorganisms
• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
• Gives each microbe 2 names
– Genus - noun, always capitalized
– species - adjective, lowercase
• Both italicized or underlined
– Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
– Bacillus subtilis
(B. subtilis)
– Escherichia coli
(E. coli)
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Evolution- living things change
gradually over millions of years
• Changes favoring survival are retained &
less beneficial changes are lost.
• All new species originate from preexisting
species.
• Closely related organism have similar
features because they evolved from
common ancestral forms.
• Evolution usually progresses toward greater
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complexity.