Transcript ERT 144 microbiology week 1x

Microbiology ERT 144
Introduction to the course
Explore the history and foundation of
microbiology
10) Hasil pembelajaran / Learning Outcome
CO1: Ability to infer historical aspect and explain fundamental
concepts of microbiology
CO2: Ability to classify the characteristics of bacteria, fungi, virus and
protozoa
CO3: Ability to apply and follow basic microbiological techniques
CO4: Ability to discuss the role of microorganisms in food and industrial
application and their harmful effects to plants and animals
Infer : deduce, derive
NOTA 5: LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY
Knowledge: Define, introduce, describe, name, relate, explain, identify and
remember concepts and principles.
Repetition: Repeat and discuss concepts and principles.
Application: Apply, demonstrate, interpret and illustrate concepts and
principles.
Analysis:
Learn to calculate, solve, compute, compare, derive.
Evaluation: Learn to evaluate, decide, recommend, justify, assess.
Synthesis: Learn to design, conduct, perform, create, produce, propose
new task and design.
) Pendekatan pembelajaran/ Learning approach: (sbg. contoh – kuliah,
seminar, amali, lawatan, tutorial, dll. Sila nyatakan sekali bilangan jam)
•Lecture : 42 hours (60%)
•Lab
: 14 hours (20%)
Tutorial : 14 hours (20%)
(12) Sumbangan penilaian/ Evaluation contribution:
(i) Peperiksaan / Examination: 70%
•Mid Term Examination 1
= 10%
•Mid Term Examination 2
= 10%
•Final Examination
= 50%
(ii) Kerja kursus/course work:
30%
(iii) Perincian sumbangan kerja kursus/details of course work
contribution: (Sila perincikan satu persatu dengan peratusan setiap satu
sumbangan)
Laboratory report : 15%
Assignment / quiz : 15%
Buku Teks:
1. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology: principles and explorations 6th edition.
John Wiley, New York.
Buku Rujukan:
1. Bauman, R. 2007. Microbiology with diseases by taxonomy 2nd
Edition. Pearson Education, Prentice Hall.
2. Cowan, M.K. 2006. Microbiology: a systems approach 1st edition.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
The Microbial World and You
What is Microbiology?
Science of microbes
Microbes, or microorganisms
minute living things
usually unable to be viewed with the
naked eye.
examples of microbes
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
Pathogenic & non pathogenic
Microbes:
Decompose organic waste
Produce industrial chemicals such as
ethyl alcohol and acetone
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar,
cheese, and bread
Knowledge of Microbes allows humans to
Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
Plan the production of chemicals
History of Microbiology
History of Microbiology
The first microbes were observed in 1673.
In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported
that living things were composed of little
boxes or cells.
History of Microbiology
1673-1723, Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)
described live
microorganisms that
he observed in teeth
scrapings, rain water,
and peppercorn
infusions.
History of Microbiology
there were two hypotheses:
The hypothesis that living organisms arise
from nonliving matter is called spontaneous
generation. According to spontaneous
generation, a “vital force’ Forms life.
The Alternative hypothesis, that the living
organisms arise from preexisting life, is
called biogenesis.
History of Microbiology
Many believed spontaneous generation:
life can arise from non-living matter
In 1668, the Italian physician Francesco
Redi performed an experiment to disprove
spontaneous generation.
Can you think of an experiment that could
disprove spontaneous generation?
(A) When jars of decaying meat are left open to the air, they are exposed to flies; the flies lay their eggs
on the meat, and the eggs hatch to maggots. Supporters of spontaneous generation believed that the
decaying meat gives rise to the maggots. (B) Redi covered the jars with parchment and sealed them so
the flies could not reach the decaying meat. No maggots appeared on the meat, and Redi used this
evidence to indicate that the maggots did not arise from the meat but from flies in the air.
History of Microbiology
Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Conditions
Results
3 jars covered with
fine net
3 open jars
No maggots
Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
History of Microbiology
1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that
microorganisms are present in the air.
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth placed Microbial growth
in flask, heated, not
sealed
Nutrient broth placed No microbial growth
in flask, heated, then
sealed
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
History of Microbiology
Next experiment, Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept
microbes out but let air in. These experiments
form the basis of aseptic technique
History of Microbiology
Pasteur demonstrated that
these spoilage bacteria
could be killed by heat that
was not hot enough to
evaporate the alcohol in
wine. This application of a
high heat for a short time
is called pasteurization.
History of Microbiology
Pasteur showed that microbes are
responsible for fermentation.
Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to
alcohol to make beer and wine.
Microbial growth is also responsible for
spoilage of food.
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic
acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic
acid).
History of Microbiology
The Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914
Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries
included the relationship between microbes
and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial
drugs
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease
1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm
disease was caused by a fungus.
1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm
disease was caused by a protozoan.
1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated
handwashing to prevent transmission of
puerperal fever from one OB patient to
another.
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease
• 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical
disinfectant to prevent surgical wound
infections after looking at Pasteur’s work
showing microbes are in the air, can spoil
food, and cause animal diseases.
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a
bacterium causes anthrax and provided the
experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used
to prove that a specific microbe causes a
specific disease.
Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young
rival
History of Microbiology
Koch's Postulates
are used to
prove the cause
of an infectious
disease.
History of Microbiology
Koch's Postulates
are a sequence
of experimental
steps to relate a
specific microbe
to a specific
disease.
History of Microbiology
A young milkmaid informed the physician
Edward Jenner that she could not get
smallpox because she had already been
sick from cowpox.
1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person
with cowpox virus. The person was then
protected from smallpox.
Called vaccination from vacca for cow
The protection is called immunity
History of Microbiology
What can you say about the cowpox and
smallpox viruses?
History of Microbiology
Vaccinations
produced from avirulent microbial strains
produced from live viruses
produced from viral particles
History of Microbiology
Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals
• Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat
infectious disease can be synthetic drugs
or antibiotics.
• Antibiotics are chemicals produced by
bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other
microbes.
• Quinine from tree bark was long used to
treat malaria.
History of Microbiology
Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals
• 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic
arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
• 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
History of Microbiology
1928: Alexander
Fleming discovered
the first antibiotic.
He observed that
Penicillium fungus
made an antibiotic,
penicillin, that killed
S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was
tested clinically and
mass produced.
Modern Developments
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
• Mycology is the study of fungi.
• Parasitology is the study of protozoa and
parasitic worms.
• Recent advances in genomics, the study of
an organism’s genes, have provided new
tools for classifying microorganisms.