Transcript Exposure to Diseases and Harmful Substances

Exposure to Diseases and
Harmful Substances
By: Nafisa Frazier, Bertha Keti,
Vanessa Liddell, Lilian Lwomeleza,
Franca Ochuba, Jessica Wilborn
OBJECTIVES
• Identify factors that predispose nurses to hazardous substances and/or infectious diseases
• Identify common diseases and harmful substances that nurse are exposed to
• Identify symptoms of common diseases and harmful substances
• Identify strategies to reduce exposure and/or harm to diseases
• Identify evidence-based measures to take after exposure occurs
Predisposing Factors
Uninformed/unaware
• Perception deficits
• Substance abuse
Frequent contact with blood,
bodily fluids, sharp objects
• IV
• Medication admin
Inappropriate PPE usage
Immunizations
• Up-to-date?
Some common exposures
• Chemotherapy
• HIV
• TB
• C. Diff
• X-ray radiation
(Gourni, Polikandrioti, Vasilopoulos, Mpaltzi, & Gourni,
2012)
Post-exposure EVB practices
• Immediate treatment
• Education and training
• Regular occupational hazard assessments
TUBERCULOSIS EXPOSURE
• TB transmission is most likely to occur from
patients who have unrecognized TB or ineffective
treatment.
• There is a risk of developing TB disease due to
unprotected contact with infected TB patients.
TUBERCULOSIS EXPOSURE
Prevention
• Infection control practices can help reduce risk of TB transmission.
• Admission with airborne Precaution, until TB evaluation is performed.
• Maintain proper PPE and appropriate respiratory mask.
Treatment
• with anti-tuberculosis medication.
Clostridium Difficile Exposure
• About 20% of hospitalized adults are C. Diff carriers
• Health Care Workers are at risk for asymptomatic carriage
• Nurses may act as a reservoir for transmission in the hospital environment
• Recent antibiotic uses increases risk
Clostridium Difficile Exposure
Reduce exposure by:
• Maintaining contact precautions
• Hand washing
• Changing gloves between patients
• Reducing stress
• If immunocompromised, take extra precautions
• Disinfect equipment after use
What do you do when exposure occurs?
HIV EXPOSURE
• “Occupational exposure to HIV is a low but
potential risk of HIV infection to health workers”
(Kumakech, Achora, Berggren & Bajunirwe, 2014)
• Within 2-4 weeks of HIV infection, may
experience flu-like symptoms- ‘worst flu ever’
called Acute Retroviral Syndrome- ARS.
HIV EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE TO CHEMOTHERAPY
• Antineoplastic and sterilizing chemicals
• Pharmacist and Nurses are at a higher risk of exposure
• Effects of chemotherapy exposure include, skin rashes, birth defects,
infertility, miscarriage, and possibly leukemia or other cancers
EXPOSURE TO CHEMOTHERAPY
Protect yourself
• During treatment and for 48 hours after
• Wear two pairs of chemo-safe gloves.
• Chemo safe gown
• Cover toilet with blue chux when flushing
• Mask, when splashing is possible.
• Wash hands well with soap and water
Radiation Exposure
• Research indicates nurses
assisting in urologic procedures
were exposed to the maximum
permissible limits of annual
radiation exposure (Jindal, 2013,
p.139).
• As the amount of radiation
exposure increases, health
effects increases
• Radiation exposure should not
exceed 20mSv annually
Radiation Exposure
• Radiation sickness ( radiation
poisoning)- occurs after high
exposure and includes: nausea,
weakness, vomiting, diarrhea,
hair loss, skin burns, decreased
organ function, premature aging,
and death
• Prevention?
Watch this video and give your thoughts in
the discussion board.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvNGazL_svU
QUESTIONS???
• What implementations, if any, does your facility have in place for
exposure to blood borne infections?
• What measures do you personally take to prevent exposure to
infectious diseases?
References
•
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Contamination vs. exposure. Retrieved from http://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/contamination.asp
•
Center for Disease Control and Prevention . (2012). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/tb/
•
Blinov, A. B. (2013). New requirements for radiation protection in X-ray surgery. Biomedical Engineering, 46(5), 212-215. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10527-0139308-y
•
Friedman, N. D., Pollard, J., Stupart, D., Knight, D. R., Khajehnoori, M., Davey, E. K., Riley, T. V. (2013). Prevalence of clostridium difficile colonization among
healthcare workers. BMC Infectious Diseases, 13(1), 459-459. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-459
•
Gourni, P., Polikandrioti, M., Vasilopoulos, G., Mpaltzi, E., & Gourni, M. (2012, January-March). Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids of nurses at
emergency department. Health Science Journal, 6(1), 60-68. Retrieved from Ebscohost:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.umkc.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=4f56f954-a3e5-4c0a-b4a8e0111b820b40@sessionmgr115&vid=1&resultId=9&theDisplayFormat=CitationAndFullText&ReturnUrl=%252fehost%252fresults%252fresultlist%253fsid%253d4f5
6f954-a3e5-4c
•
Harris, T. G., Sullivan Meissner, J., & Proops, D. (2013). Delay in diagnosis leading to nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis at a New York City health care
facility. American Journal Of Infection Control, 41(2), 155-160. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.015
•
Jindal, T. (2013). The Risk of Radiation Exposure To Assisting Staff in Urological Procedures: A Literature Review. Urologic Nursing, 33(3), 136-147.
doi:10.7257/1053-816X.2013.33.3.136
•
Kumakech, E., Achora, S., Berggren, V., Bajunirwe, F., Högskolan Kristianstad, & Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle. (2011). Occupational exposure to HIV: A conflict
situation for health workers. International Nursing Review, 58(4), 454-462. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00887.x
•
Smith, E., Jacobs, K., & Soares, M. (2012). How are nurses at risk? Work, 41, 1911-1919. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-0407-1911
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United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Radiation doses in perspective. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html
•
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Post-exposure prophylaxis. Retrieved from https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aidsbasics/prevention/reduce-your-risk/post-exposure-prophylaxis/
•
Walton, A. L., Mason, S., Busshart, M., Spruill, A. D., Cheek, S., Lane, A., & ... Taylor, A. (2012). Safe Handling: Implementing Hazardous Drug Precautions. Clinical
Journal Of Oncology Nursing, 16(3), 251-254.
References
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