Transcript Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

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Introduction
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Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or
resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine.
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Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the
person against subsequent infection or disease (Vaccines are weapons
to prevent diseases)
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Immunization is a way to protect child from getting a number of
illnesses. Many of these illnesses are easily spread from child to child
and can cause serious health problems.
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Child immunization and Vaccination of
pregnant women
Child immunization:
Child immunization is immunization of children with vaccines to
protect them against some diseases.
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Vaccination of pregnant women with TT (Tetanus)
vaccine:
This protects mothers against Tetanus and protects new born babies
from neonatal Tetanus.
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Types of Immunity-Passive Immunity
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Passive immunity is provided when a person is given
antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through
his or her own immune system.
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A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother
through the placenta.
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Types of Immunity-Active Immunity
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Active immunity results when exposure to a disease
organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies
to that disease.
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Exposure to the disease organism can occur through
infection with the actual disease or through vaccine.
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Passive immunity and Active immunity
Passive immunity
Active immunity
A person is given antibodies
to a disease
Exposure to a disease organism
triggers the immune system to
produce antibodies to that
disease.
Protection is immediate
Takes time (usually several
weeks) to develop
Long-lasting
Lasts only for a few weeks or
months
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Types of vaccine:
1. Live vaccine: vaccine containing live attenuated microorganisms It
could be viruses: e.g. measles, mumps, oral poliomyelitis (sabin), and
rubella vaccine. Or live attenuated strains of bacteria, e.g. BCG
(bacilli calmette-Guerin).
2. Killed vaccine: vaccine not containing live microorganisms. They
contain killed microorganisms, Inactivated (killed) virus: e.g. hepatitis
A,B, poliomyelitis (Salk) vaccines. Inactivated (killed) bacteria:
pertussis (whooping cough),
3. Vaccine containing the toxins that the bacteria produce, after changing
them into harmless toxoid, such Tetanus toxoid TT and diphtheria
toxids
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Cold Chain System
Vaccines are delicate biological substances that can become less effective or destroyed
if they are frozen, allowed to get too hot, and exposed to direct sunlight or fluorescent
light.
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Cold Chain: a system of transporting and storing vaccines within the safe
temperature range of +2 °C to +8 °C from the place of manufacture to the point of
administration. This temperature range is recommended because outside this range
vaccines may (very quickly) lose their potency.
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Freezing: a situation where vaccines experience temperatures at, or below, 0 C.
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Freeze Monitor: a device that indicates exposure to < 0 °C for periods greater
than 30 minutes.
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Time Temperature (heat monitor): a device that indicates exposure to
excessive temperatures.
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Cold-chain monitors
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Cold-chain monitors (CCM) include time temperature (heat
monitors) and freeze monitors. The CCM should accompany
all vaccines during any long distance vaccine transport.
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The CCM should not be removed from the (cold box)
container until all vaccines have been removed for either use
or storage.
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What damages vaccines?
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All vaccines lose their potency after a certain time you know
that time from the expiry date printed on the vaccine.
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Heat & sunlight can damage vaccines, especially the live
attenuated ones (measles & BCG).
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Freezing damage the killed vaccines and toxoids (Pertussis &
Hepatitis B)
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Disinfectants or antiseptics can damage vaccines.
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Contraindication to child immunization:
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There are almost no contraindications to vaccination
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Children with a mild illness should be immunized as usual
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Children with malnutrition can develop good immunity, so
immunize them as usual because they are more likely than
other children to die from some diseases, especially measles
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Contraindications are:
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Very severely ill children who need to be hospitalized, or
children who have very high fever, should be delay vaccination.
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If a child has had severe reaction from DPT injection
(convulsions or shock) (DPT is a combined vaccine for
Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus) do not give that child any
more doses of DPT. Give him DT vaccine.
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BCG is the only vaccine which not be administered to children
with clinically apparent AIDS or Immune deficiency diseases,
premature babies, malnutrition, and infection skin disease.
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Preparation for immunization session
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An immunization session should be in enclosed site.
Give mothers the information they need on vaccination.
Check the expiry date of the vaccine before use.
Register carefully the doses that given to the child in the health
unit register and on the immunization card.
Put the vaccines into a cup of ice.
Throw away any open vials of vaccine that remain after the
immunization session.
Use a disposable syringe for each child and destroy it after use so
it cannot be used again.
Use oldest vaccine that has been in your refrigerator for the
longest time first.
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Adverse reaction of some vaccines:
Measles & MMR( measles, mumps, and rubella): child may have:
 Fever.
 Transient rash.
 Arthralgia
Pertussis: child may have:(several to 72hrs):
 Redness, pain, swelling at injection site.
 Fever (slight to moderate).
 Anorexia, drowsiness.
Poliomyelitis vaccines:
 Breast milk may contain specific antibodies, which interfere with oral
polio. So avoid breast feed baby 1/2-hr before and after the vaccine.
 Baby may spit or vomit the vaccine
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Vaccine carrier
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Close the lid tightly
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Clean and dry after every use
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Put vaccine vials and ampoules in a polythene bag and close it
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Keep the carrier away from direct sunlight
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The carriers with four ice packs can keep the vaccine cold for 2 days
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Do not sit or place anything heavy on a vaccine carrier
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Vaccine carrier
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A carrier for small quantities of vaccines (16-20 vials)
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The vials of DPT (DPT is a combined vaccine for Diphtheria, Pertussis
and Tetanus), and TT (Tetanus) vaccines should not be in direct
contact with the frozen packs
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The ice packs for lining the sides of the carrier should be fully
frozen
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Place fully frozen ice packs in the carrier and wait for few minutes
for temperature to fall to less than 8 degree Celsius
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Vaccine refrigerators
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The correct temperature to keep vaccine is between +2c° and + 8 c°
 Follow storage guideline
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Do not store food or drink in vaccine refrigerators.
 Store vaccines only on the middle and upper shelves in the refrigerator
 Allow air to circulate within the refrigerator, by not crowding or
overfilling the refrigerator with the vaccines. A gap of at least 4 cm
from all walls and between large packages of vaccine vials is
recommended
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Freezing does not damage live attenuated vaccines "BCG", oral polio and
measles vaccines.
Freezing damage the killed vaccines and toxoids (DPT, DT, TT)
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