Transcript emergence - WHO Afro

The Emerging Pandemic
Threats Program
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Emerging Threats Program
Four “Take Home” Messages
1. We live during an extraordinary period of human history –
characterized by an unprecedented increase in the
emergence of new infectious diseases and their potential
to have a global impact
2. Underlying most disease emergence are five key “drivers”
that converge at the “human-animal-ecosystem” interface
3. “High risk” human behaviors and practices are at the core
of disease emergence
4. Understanding the dynamics behind disease emergence
allows for the formulation of “risk-based” strategies to
mitigate their threat
Emerging Threats Program
What do we know about “disease
emergence”?
• Three-quarters of emerging disease threats arise from
animal reservoirs
• The “human-animal-ecosystem interface” is at the center
of new disease emergence
• Emergence is closely linked to geographic “hot spots”
where there is intensive animal-human interactions
amplified by environmental changes
Emerging Threats Program
Emerging Threats Program
Using “Risk-Based” Strategies to Target
Interventions
• Understanding of factors that drive the emergence of
zoonotic diseases have led to new risk-based models for
forecasting new zoonotic diseases .
• The origins of newly emergent diseases have been found
to strongly correlate with specific:
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geographic areas
animal hosts
microbial agents
“high risk” human populations.
Emerging Threats Program
Standard Model for Outbreak
Detection and Response
Lab
Response
Confirmation
Detection
C
A
S
E
S
First
Case
TIME
One Health – Public health as part of
the “ecosystem”
Human Cases
Wild Animal
Animal
Amplification
Domestic Animal
C
A
S
E
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Wildlife Surveillance/
Forecasting
Early Detection
and Control
Opportunities
TIME
Emerging Threats Program
The Professional Spectrum of Public
Health Spans…….
Animal
Amplification
Field Epidemiologists
C
A
S
E
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Behavioral Scientist
Veterinarians
Labortorians
Conservationists
Medical and Public Health
Practitioners
Wildlife ecologists
TIME
Emerging Threats Program
Four “Action Areas” for pre-empting
future threats
Pathogen discovery
Longitudinal surveillance of
wildlife and domestic animals
to identify and characterize
specific microbes that may
cause serious disease in
humans
Outbreak response
capacity
Risk determination
Characterize risk that a
microbe may pose to
humans and its route of
transmission from animals to
humans
Human risk reduction
Strengthen country capacities to
Minimize those human behaviors
detect and respond to outbreaks
and practices that increase the
in animals and humans
risk of “spill over” and
“amplification
Emerging Threats Program
”
USAID Emerging
Threats Projects
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PREDICT
IDENTIFY
RESPOND
PREVENT
Emerging Pandemic Threats Program
PREDICT • RESPOND • PREVENT • IDENTIFY
Pathogen Discovery developing a surveillance
strategy responsive to pathogen emergence
Target monitoring at points of “high risk”
transmission interfaces – between wildlife, livestock
and humans
•Hunting
•Markets/trade
•Wildlife/livestock conflict
•Shared habitat
•Extraction
•Land use change
•Water availability
•Global transportation
Emerging Threats Program
Characterizing Molecular Risk on the basis
genetic and epidemiologic properties
Genetic Relatedness
• to Known Human Pathogens
• to Pathogens Known to Have Crossed Host
Barriers & Caused Disease
Transmissibility Factors
•Common Characteristics with Known Pathogens
•Host-to-Host Transfer Routes
Opportunity for and Evidence of
Spillover & Spread
Pathogenic Potential in New Hosts
•Replication Levels
•Tissue Tropism
Emerging Threats Program
of
Enhancing Out Break Response
focusing on strengthening “core capacities”
Strengthening National Outbreak
Response Preparedness
•Development of national Outbreak Preparedness and
Response Plans
Building “One Heath” response
capacities
•Cross-training of animal and human health response
teams
•Lab capacities
Investing in Future “One Health”
Leadership
•Transforming pre-service experience in Schools of
Public Health, Veterinary Medicine, Medicine,
Environment …….
Emerging Threats Program
Reducing Human Risk targeting practices
and behaviors that enable “spill over” and
“amplification”
Targeting “High Risk” Practices
•Partnering with National governments, the Extractive
Industry and Banks to mainstream standardized “risk
assessment and mitigation” protocols into future activities
•Mapping and regulating the trade in “bush meat” and wild
animal products
•Promotion of “healthy markets”
•Promotion of “bio-secure” agricultural practices
Emerging Threats Program
Four “Take Home” Messages
1. We live during an extraordinary period of human history –
characterized by an unprecedented increase in the
emergence of new infectious diseases and their potential
to have a global impact
2. Underlying most disease emergence are five key
“drivers” that converge at the “human-animal-ecosystem”
interface
3. “High risk” human behaviors and practices are at the core
of disease emergence
4. Understanding the dynamics behind disease emergence
allows for the formulation of “risk-based” strategies to
mitigate their threat
Emerging Threats Program
Merci!
Emerging Threats Program