Transcript Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza - Africa Biodiversity Collaborative

Zoonotic & Emerging
Infectious Disease
Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation
&
Conservation Linkages
Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group
Washington, DC
August 2008
Overview
• Background
• Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation
• Threat Reduction Strategies: What the
Conservation Community Can Do
• 61% of all infectious
organisms known to
be pathogenic to
humans are zoonotic,
readily transmissible
between human and
animal populations
• Approximately 75%
of recent emerging
infectious diseases
have been zoonoses
Avian Influenza Virus
Ebola Virus
Anthrax
Emerging or Reemerging
Zoonoses in Africa
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (H5N1)
Ebola virus
Monkeypox virus
Bovine Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis)
• Rift Valley fever virus
• Simian Foamy virus
• Human-Livestock-Wildlife interface shapes
the dynamics of disease emergence
• Factors Contributing to Disease Emergence:
– Deforestation, land degradation, climate
change and loss of wildlife habitat
– Rising demand for animal protein
Expected to increase 50% by 2020 (IFPRI)
– Global trade in wildlife:
> 1 billion incidents of contact annually amongst
humans, domestic animals and wildlife (Karesh WB, et. al..
Emerging Infectious Diseases. July 2005)
Emerging Disease Impacts on
Biodiversity Conservation
• “Animal populations are under heightened
pressure to survive, and further loss of biodiversity
is highly probable.” (One Health Initiative Task Force Report. JAVMA. July 2008)
• Impacts on Wildlife
• Impacts on Public Health
• Impacts on Livelihoods, Food Security and
Sustainable Economic Development
Impacts on Wildlife
• Direct threats to wildlife health
• Rabies in Serengeti
National Park’s
African wild dog
(Lycaon pictus)
population
• Potential “spillback”
to domestic animal &
human populations
• May 2005, Qinghai Lake Nature
Reserve (China) H5N1 avian
influenza outbreak:
– estimates of 5-10% of world’s
population of Bar-headed Geese
(Anser indicus) lost to AI virus
Impacts on Wildlife
• Losses attributable to
the bushmeat trade
– Livestock lost to
disease may push
higher rates of
bushmeat consumption
– Bushmeat hunting may
facilitate disease
emergence
N. Kumpel
A.Asamoah/GWS
Impacts on Wildlife
• Loss of biodiversity
– Central Africa: Bushmeat industry accounts loss of
>579 million animals annually (Karesh et al. 2005)
– Infectious disease has the potential to:
• Push already threatened species rapidly toward local
population extinction
• Reduce genetic variability essential for population health
• Provoke follow-on effects in interdependent species within a
microenvironment
– Incite fear or panic leading to calls for wildlife culls or
habitat destruction as a disease control strategy
Impacts on Public Health
• Zoonotic threats to human health
– Risks attributable to:
• Livestock-dependent livelihoods
• Proximity to wildlife/wildlife products
– Costs:
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Loss of income generating capacity
Inability to pay school fees; secure dietary staples
Transport to a health care facility/clinic
Medical treatment
Caretaking demands upon family
Possibility of disease transmission to family
Impacts on Public Health
• Loss of conservation capacity
– Human resources already weakened by AIDS are
particularly vulnerable
– Potential loss of local and indigenous knowledge, skills
and experience
• Costs of disease control measures
– Livestock culls, quarantines, diagnostic tests,
vaccination
– Represent resources unavailable to conservation
initiatives
Impacts on Livelihoods, Food
Security and Economic Development
• Loss of income and threatened food security
– 70% of world’s rural poor--in Africa ~ 200 million--derive
their livelihoods from livestock
– Loss of livestock/reduced livestock productivity threatens
income generation & protein availability
– Impacts along the market chain: livestock holders, traders,
fodder producers, butchers, market vendors
• Intensified land utilization & pressure on natural resources:
charcoal making/timber, bushmeat, fishing, agricultural
encroachment along protected areas
HPAI & Poultry Consumption
• Loss of Domestic Poultry
– Poultry illness/loss of
productivity
– Poultry death
– Poultry culls
Kenya: 30 million chickens,
80% raised traditionally by
small holders; 2-3
chickens/rural household
Tanzania: 27 million
chickens, 70% raised
traditionally by small
holders
Poultry
Consumption
Fears
• Loss of income
– Inability to pay for
school fees,
medicine, dietary
staples
• Loss of protein
nutrition
Impacts on Economic Development
• Restricted economic growth
– Export embargoes/trade restrictions
– Potential losses to the commercial livestock industry
– Pandemic emergence threats:
• Projected Pandemic Influenza Costs:
– 10-180 million deaths worldwide
– Economic Impact: 2-3.1 % of global GDP (>2 trillion USD)
World Bank)
(
• Threats to sustainable ecotourism initiatives
– Kenya & Tanzania: wildlife based ecotourism generates half
a billion USD annually (Chomel B, et al. Emerging Infectious Diseases. January 2007)
– Community revenue sharing/park budgets threatened by
disease-induced tourism declines
Threat Reduction Strategies
• Conservation of Wildlife Habitat
– Disease impact assessments prior to resource extraction
• Disease Surveillance and Rapid Diagnosis
– Wild Bird Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance (GAINS)
– Expand successful community-based disease surveillance programs
– UK’s RADAR (Rapid Analysis and Detection of Animal Related Risks)
• Education, Training, and Outreach
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Risks associated with the bushmeat trade
Personal biosafety
Media outreach
Promote sound (livestock vaccination/behavior change) vs. unsound
(wildlife culls) disease control strategies
Threat Reduction Strategies
• Preparedness and Response Planning
– Design contingency plans to protect staff and conservation capacity in
the event of a disease outbreak/pandemic event
• Food Security
– Encourage diversified sourcing of dietary protein
– Engaging private sector for low-cost commercial solutions
• Alternative Livelihoods Opportunities and Economic
Stability
– Diversified livestock/agricultural production/social service businesses
– Broad-based programs addressing poverty, malnutrition and bolstering
public health (clean drinking water) = improved resiliency to disease
events & reduced pressure on wildlife/land/natural resources
• Multi-Disciplinary Approach