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Biodiversity Conservation and Human Health World Deforestation Estimate Increasing Deforestation Emergent Infectious Disease Malaria Nipah virus SARS Cholera Ebola/Marburg Arboviruses and Leischmaniasis Malaria parasite matures more rapidly with climate change How does loss of wildlife habitat contribute to this human disease?* Deforestation and irrigation projects increase mosquito breeding sites, eliminate larval predators like dragonflies, and increase in-migration of farmers, miners and loggers who carry parasites among human populations. Oil palm expansion leads to deforestation and loss of bat habitat. This forces bats into contact with pig farms and enables the virus to evolve and become infectious for humans. Trade in wild mammals and poultry in Asian “wet markets” allows virus to jump to palm civets and raccoon dogs which then infect humans. Runoff of agricultural and urban effluents in coastal areas supplies nutrients, causing proliferation of micro-organisms including Vibrio spp. Forest degradation is concentrating the still unknown reservoir host of Ebola virus. The virus is passed to humans from infected gorillas and chimps in bushmeat trade Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, and Leischmaniasis have all been associated with deforestation in the periphery of urban areas in the tropics. Does climate change Does conservation in the Biodiversity amplify disease? Hotspots and Wilderness Areas promote human health with respect to this emergent disease? Yes, higher temperatures provide broader ranges for mosquitoes, and generate faster reproduction of parasites. Yes, outbreak coincided with large mid-90s El Nino event. Yes. Yes, Amazon Basin, Guiana shield, Congo Basin, East, West, and South Africa, Indo-Burma, New Guinea. Avoiding deforestation in areas where malaria is emergent can conserve biodiversity, while mitigating and adapting to climate change. Yes, Indonesia and Malaysia, and potentially IndoBurma and New Guinea. Reducing deforestation and the interface between wild and domestic animals can reduce risk of disease emergence Yes, Controlling wildlife trade in Asia contributes to wildlife conservation and human health. Yes, warmer coastal waters from El Nino events have been linked to cholera outbreaks. Unknown, Suspected. Yes, Conservation of fish and coral in high biodiversity seascapes (i.e., Coral triangle, Eastern Coastal Pacific) buffers disease emergence and will require control of effluents. Yes, protected areas and control of bushmeat trade for great apes will diminish disease impact on both human and non-human primates. Unknown, Suspected. Yes, Landscape management and avoided deforestation for biodiversity conservation can reduce degradation of periurban areas in the tropics. Data and synthesis from Patz J.A., U. Confalonieri, et. al. 2005a. Human Health: Ecosystem Regulation of Infectious Diseases. A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.