Transcript Bioterriorism - People Pages

Bioterrorism
UW- Eau Claire
ENPH 210- Introduction to Environmental Health
Sarah Arneson
Todd Dennis
Pamela Dohm
Heather Rapala
Daniel Rehberger
Laura Suppes
Kevin Wang
Definition
• Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ
warfare, an intentional human release of a
naturally-occurring or human-modified
toxin or biological agent 1
Case study
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Sitting in an office opening up a piece of mail
Few weeks later you start to feel sick
You find out that you have anthrax
Course of antibiotics, mainly doxycycline
Everyone who was in your office is now sick
An act of bio – terrorism
2
Brief overview
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We will be covering 6 different topics.
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FAQ
Past and present cases
Types of agents that are used and the effects that
these agents have on the human body
How to prevent and protect yourself from bio –
terrorism
Organizations that are trying to protect us from
bio – terrorism and how much money it is costing
us
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQ
• What is the likelihood of a large-scale
attack on the United States?
– likelihood of a large-scale attack is low.
– Not easy to spread a biologic agent that could
infect lots people.
– While a major attack could be devastating,
preparations will minimize casualties.
3
FAQ
• Is the U.S. health system prepared for an act of
bioterrorism?
– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Public
Health Service, Cook County Public Health Office
conduct surveillance for a bioterrorist event.
– Federal, state, and local authorities are working with
physicians, hospitals, and the pharmaceutical industry
to provide
• information and communication systems and ensure the
availability and rapid deployment of life-saving
pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and antidotes;
3
FAQ
• Should I be immunized against anthrax?
– The anthrax vaccine is only available to military
personnel and those who might come in contact with
natural anthrax in their work (special-risk groups such
as goat-hair mill or goatskin workers, wool or tannery
workers, laboratory workers).
– Physicians do not have this vaccine and cannot obtain
it.
– The anthrax vaccine is only recommended for people
between 18 and 65 years of age.
3
FAQ
• Should I be immunized against smallpox?
– The last naturally occurring case of smallpox in the
world occurred in 1977.
– The vaccine is not generally available to the public.
• 12 to 15 million doses of vaccine remaining in the United
States.
– no treatment for the disease, vaccine provides
protection and serves to stop spread of the disease.
3
FAQ
• Should I ask my doctor for antibiotics to have
on hand in case of a bioterrorist attack?
• No. Indiscriminant use of antibiotics could be
harmful, particularly for pregnant women and
children.
• Keeping a supply of antibiotics on hand poses an
additional problem because they have a limited
shelf life and will lose potency over time
3
FAQ
• What is the "National Pharmaceutical
Stockpile" that health officials talk about on the
news?
– This is a large reserve of antibiotics, chemical antidotes,
and other medical supplies set aside for emergencies.
– CDC can move stockpiled material to affected areas in
the United States within 1 to 2 hours of notification
from a state’s Governor.
3
FAQ
• Who do I contact regarding a possible
exposure?
– If you believe you have been exposed to an
infectious bioagent or if you develop symptoms
that you believe might be associated with such
an exposure, immediately contact a physician.
3
FAQ
• What can I do to protect my family and
myself?
– Although there is little that you as an individual can do
in advance to protect yourself from a bioterrorist attack.
– Government agencies, health care institutions, and
public health agencies can and are doing more to
improve capacity to protect the public following a
bioterrorist attack.
– We can all educate ourselves about this issue, make
family preparations for a disaster, and find out ahead of
time what our local communities suggest we do.
3
History of Biological Weapon Use
(BC- 1986)
• RYE ERGOT
• Used as early as 6th
century B.C.
• Used by Assyrians
against enemies
(Israelites) to poison
wells
• The plant is infected by
the fungus Claviceps
Purpurea
• Symptoms include:
convulsions,
gangrenous
extremities,
“madness” and death.
5, 6, 10
4
• Animal Cadavers
• 300 BC
• Romans and Greeks used dead animals to
contaminate wells of their enemies and other
water sources
7
• Snake Venom
• 190 BC
8
• Hannibal at the battle of
Eurymedon conquered King
Eumerus II of Pergamon
• Hannibal used poisonous
snakes by putting them into
enemy ships
7
• Human Cadavers
• 12th Century AD
• Battle of Toptona
• Barbossa used the bodies of dead soldiers to
poison enemy wells
• Also, Romans, Greeks and Persians dipped
arrows into decomposing corpses to
contaminate the arrow tips
7, 9
• Plague
• 1346- breakout of plague in
Tartar Army during the “Seige of
Kaffa”
• Tartar soldiers threw plagued
corpses over the walls of Kaffa
and infected the city causing
surrender
• Infected Kaffans may have
contributed to the cause of the
“Black Death Pandemic”
• Spread through transmission of
flea to human host
• The plague bacilli invades the
lymph nodes causing
inflammation, which was what
“buboes” were named after
10, 12
11
• Small Pox
• 1753
• Beginnings of the French and
Indian War (1754-1763)
• Fort Pitt- Pennsylvania Frontier
• General Amherst
15
• The disease was spread by the
British “peace gesture” of
offering blankets infected with
smallpox to Native Americans
who were loyal to the French
• Ottowan Chief- Pontiac
• The fight during which the
smallpox outbreak took place
was named “Pontiac’s
Rebellion”
• 1796
• British soldiers infected the
Continental Army with smallpox
10, 13, 14, 7
• Robert Koch
• 1870
• first person to discover that
microorganisms cause infectious
disease
• Does so by injecting mice with
anthrax spores
• Mice contract the disease
10
16
• First Vaccines
• 1882
• Louis Pasteur
• Development of the
first successful vaccine
• Prevents Anthrax in
animals
10
17
• Glanders--B- Mallei
• 1915
• Germans use the agent
Glanders to infect allied
countries livestock
• Symptoms include: fever,
rigors, sweats, headache,
chest pain, and is almost
always fatal without
treatment
10, 18
19
• Use of biological agents by the Japanese
• 1937
• “Unit 731” in present day Sun Yang China, a base made for
the construction of bombs containing deadly biological
agents
• The base was disguised as an “Epidemic Prevention and
Water Supply Unit”
• The base included 3 crematoriums and 2 secret prisons
• It was the largest weapons of mass destruction center in the
world
• Various microorganisms were used on Chinese prisoners
10, 20, 21
• Anthrax inhalation methods were found to be one of them, as
well as the use of Plague, Cholera, Gas Gangrene,
Brucellosis, Tularemia, and Glanders
• Symptoms for Anthrax include: mild fever, muscle aches,
sore throat, malaise and after a few days, they may progress
into difficulty breathing and shock
• Inhalation anthrax is usually fatal
• Cholera : Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium which causes the
disease in the intestinal track
• It is a diarrheal illness
• The disease itself is acute with little or no symptoms
22, 23, 24
• Gas Gangrene: caused by Clostridium Perfringens bacterium
• Symptoms include: pain and swelling around injury, fever, blisters
filled with red fluid, increased heart rate
• Caused by the infection of wounds
• Brucellosis: from the genus Brucella
• Symptoms include: sweating, weight loss, fatigue, headache,
abdominal pain
• Not a deadly disease but is highly contagious and can incapacitate
a person for weeks
• Tularemia: caused by the bacteria Francisella tularensis
• Symptoms include: enlarged lymph nodes, sweating, headache,
muscle pain, weight loss
• Not very lethal, but also will incapacitate a person for a long
period of time
22, 25, 26, 27
•
A testimonial from a Japanese
scientist who worked on the base
stated in a documentary done years
later:
•
"I cut him open from the chest to the
stomach and he screamed terribly
and his face was all twisted in
agony. He made this unimaginable
sound, he was screaming so horribly.
But then finally he stopped. This
was all in a day's work for the
surgeons, but it really left an
impression on me because it was my
first time."
•
The surgeon soon learned, as stated
in the text, that he was subjected to
this operation because the man had
been purposely infected with the
plague, and was there for scientific
observation
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29
• Plague Infested Fleas
• 1940
• Epidemic in China and Manchuria
• Source of plague came from Japanese planes,
which reportedly dropped containers full of
plague infested fleas over cities
• We know today that in 1945 the Japanese had plans
to use biological warfare on the U.S.
• The Japanese military developed long-distance
traveling balloons
• The balloons contained biological agents such as the
ones used on Unit 751, and could reach U.S. shores
• Kamikaze planes were also planned to crash into
San Diego in 1945 while carrying plague infested
fleas
• Anthrax - British Military
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1942
Guinard Islands
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Off the coast of Scotland, British military
tested Anthrax spores by dumping the
spores from planes
•
The “Bomblet” used was created at the
Crane Naval Air Station in Southern
Indiana in 1941
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The experiment killed all of the sheep on
the island within 72 hours
•
In 1986, the Island was so contaminated,
it had to be disinfected
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To disinfect, Formaldehyde and sea
water were used
•
The island is now officially
decontaminated
10
30
• Anthrax- United States Military
• 1942
• Camp Detrick
• U.S. begins their biological weapons construction
• 5,000 bombs filled with anthrax spores are made
• U.S. development of vaccines
• 1953
• The first mass development of vaccines to
specifically protect U.S. troops against
biological warfare
• Other countermeasures, along with vaccines
were developed as well
10
• Executive order to stop weapon production
• 1969
• Richard Nixon signs an executive order to stop all biological
weapon production as well as research
• 1971-1972
• All biological weapons in the U.S. are destroyed
10
• “Biological Weapons Convention”
• 1972
• Prohibition of the stockpiling of biological
weapons for offensive purposes
• Signed by many countries including the U.S.,
the former Soviet Union, and Iraq
10
• Accidental release of Anthrax spores
• 1979
• Sverdlovsk, Russia
• Accidental release of airborne Anthrax spores
• 66 confirmed deaths
• Studies indicated that the spores contained 4
different strains of anthrax
10
• Salmonella
• 1984
• The Rajneeshee cult contaminated a salad bar in Oregon
• attempting to influence a local election by incapacitating
voters
• Symptoms include: stomach cramping, bloody diarrhea and
nausea
• The fatality rate is small for this disease
10
Bioterrorist Attacks 1986-Present
Aum Shinrikyo
• The first bioterrorist attack on U.S. soil was not noticed by
many. Almost a decade later another cult created a large
amount of media attention.
• In 1995, the Aum Shinrikyo cult of Japan released sarin
gas in the Tokyo subway. The attack killed 12 and injured
thousands.
• The religious group also attempted to spray botulisim and
anthrax in Tokyo ten times from 1993 to 1995.
• The failure of the attacks is blamed on insufficient particle
size and a non-virulent strain of anthrax.
31, 34
32
Disgruntled Hospital Worker
• In October 1996, 12 lab hospital workers became sick after
eating some free doughnuts and muffins.
• Upon analysis of the sick workers Shigella dysenteries
type 2 was found in their stool. Analysis of an uneaten
muffin contained the same strain.
• A lab technician later admitted to committing the crime
and also similarly caused her boyfriend to become sick
with infected food.
33
Insurance Fraud in Japan
• Another attack on people’s food occurred at a summer
festival in Japan in 1998. At the event 67 people ate curry
rice and later became sick.
• At first cyanide poisoning was suspected but later it was
discovered to be arsenic added to the rice. Four people
died from the attack.
• It is believed that Masumi and Kenji Hayashi carried out
the poisoning but Kenji has never admitted guilt for the
event. Kenji was a termite exterminator which would have
given him access to arsenic.
• While the mass-poisoning in Wakayama instilled terror in
the population, the intent was allegedly to perpetrate
insurance fraud, which Masumi had done in the past.
33
Anthrax Letters
• In the fall of 2001, letters containing anthrax spores
were mailed to many prominent people in the U.S.
• Tom Brokaw, Senator Tom Daschle, and the offices
of the New York Post were among those who were
targeted.
• According to the CDC 23 people were infected and
five died.
34, 35
37
36
Types of Biological
Agents
AIDS
• Stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Viral disease caused by HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Attacks body’s immune system and leaves it vulnerable to
other infections and diseases
• Currently no cure, but there are many drug treatment options
• AIDS is becoming a threat to national security around the
world but especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where the disease
evolved
• AIDS can be transmitted only through sexual intercourse with
an infected person, contact with contaminated blood,
transmission from an infected mother to her child before or
during birth or during breastfeeding
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AIDS
• Symptoms start out as flu-like with nausea, fever, sore
throat, and headache which last around 4 weeks, after that
time has passed the body starts to battle the HIV and the
person can enter a symptom free period of ten or more
years
• AIDS could be used for a bio-terrorist weapon because
there is no current cure
• AIDS has a huge impact on the communities that it thrives
in which leads to undermining government relations such
as has what has happened in some parts in Africa where
AIDS is virtually uncontrolled
38
Anthrax
39
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caused by Bacillus Anthracis, a bacterium that forms spores.
Spore is a cell that is dormant but may come to life with the right conditions
Three types of anthrax:
-Skin (cutaneous)
-Lungs (inhalation)
-Digestive (gastrointestinal)
•
not known to spread from person to person
•
infection from infected animals, handling products or infected meat, of
breathing anthrax spores
•
Classified as a Category A agent by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention which means that:
-It poses the greatest possible threat for a bad effect on public health
-Spreads across a large area and needs public awareness
-Needs a great deal of planning to protect the public’s health
Anthrax
• Symptoms include:
• Cutaneous- small sore develops into a blister then develops
into a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. (These
sores do not usually hurt)
• Gastrointestinal- nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrheas,
fever, stomach pain
• Inhalation- cold and flu-like symptoms, sore throat, fever,
cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches
• Symptoms appear around 7 days after contact for all 3
types; inhalation can take a week to 42 days to appear
39
Anthrax
• Treatment is 60 days of antibiotics
• The CDC is preparing for an anthrax bio-terrorist
attack by
-Planning the response to an attack
-Training emergency response teams
-Educate health care providers
-Educate general public
-Develop national electronic database to
track potential cases of anthrax
-Making sure there are enough supplies in
case of an attack
39, 40
Plague
•
Caused by bacterium Yersinia Pestis
•
Yersinia Pestis is easily destroyed by sunlight and drying but it can still live up
to an hour in the air
•
3 kinds of plague:
– Pneumonic- Y. pestis infects the lungs, spreads from person to person through the
air, and requires direct or close contact with an ill animal or human to transmit.
– Bubonic- most common type, caught when an infected flea bites a person, develops
swollen tender lymph glands, fever, headache, chills, and weakness, does not
spread from person to person.
– Septicemic- When plague bacteria multiply in the blood, it can be a combination of
pneumonic and bubonic plague or it can occur by itself. Symptoms include fever,
chills, abdominal pain, shock, bleeding into the skin and organs, does not spread
from person to person.
41
Plague
• Treatment- antibiotics given within 24 hours of the first
symptoms, antibiotics include streptomycin, gentamicin,
tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Currently there is no
plague vaccine.
• Plague could be used in an aerosol attack in which people
would develop symptoms 1-6 days after exposure.
• Plague occurs naturally in the world. The World Heath
Organization reports 1000-3000 worldwide occurrences
every year, most are bubonic, outbreaks are readily
controlled by standard public health responses and
measures.
41
Q Fever
• Zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella Burnetii
• Organisms are excreted in milk, urine, and feces of
infected animals
• Organisms are resistant to heat, drying, and common
disinfectants
• Organisms survive for long periods in the environment,
making them ideal for a bio-terrorist weapon
• Only about half of the people infected show symptoms
which include high fever, headache, sore throat, chills,
sweats, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and chest pain
42
Q Fever
• Only 1-2% of people infected with acute Q fever
die
• Most patients are ill 2-3 weeks after exposure
• Treatment includes antibiotics which are most
effective the first 3 days of illness
• Q Fever is ideal for bio-terrorism because it is
highly infectious, very resistant to heat and drying
and can become airborne and inhaled by humans
42
Salmonellosis
• Infection caused by bacteria salmonella
• Develop diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps
• Symptoms usually last 4-7 days and people
usually recover without treatment
• Caught by eating foods contaminated with animal
feces
• Prevention includes not eating raw or uncooked
eggs, poultry, and meat and washing your hands
before handling foods
43
Shigellosis
• Caused by bacteria Shiglla
• People infected develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach
cramps which start 1-2 days after exposure
• shigellosis usually clears up in 5-7 days
• Treatment for shigellosis is through antibiotics
• Transmitted from person to person usually through fecaloral transmission, eating contaminated foods, and drinking
or swimming in contaminated water
• Prevention includes washing your hands and not
swimming in contaminated waters
• 18,000 cases are reported annually in the United States
• Effective for bio-terrorism because it is easy to transmit
from person to person
44
Botulism
•
is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is
produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
• There are three main kinds of botulism.
– Food borne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the
botulism toxin.
– Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound
infected with Clostridium botulinum.
– Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the
botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release
toxin.
All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical
emergencies. Food borne botulism can be especially dangerous
because many people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated
food.
45
Brucellosis
• is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria of the genus Brucella.
• These bacteria are primarily passed among animals, and they cause
disease in many different vertebrates.
• Various Brucella species affect sheep, goats, cattle, deer, elk, pigs,
dogs, and several other animals.
• Humans become infected by coming in contact with animals or animal
products that are contaminated with these bacteria.
• In humans brucellosis can cause a range of symptoms that are similar
to the flu and may include fever, sweats, headaches, back pains, and
physical weakness.
• Severe infections of the central nervous systems or lining of the heart
may occur.
• Brucellosis can also cause long-lasting or chronic symptoms that
include recurrent fevers, joint pain, and fatigue.
46
Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever
• rare, severe type of hemorrhagic fever which
affects both humans and non-human primates.
• Caused by a genetically unique zoonotic (that is,
animal-borne) RNA virus of the filovirus family,
its recognition led to the creation of this virus
family.
• The four species of Ebola virus are the only other
known members of the filovirus family
47
Ricin
• Ricin is a poison that can be made from the waste left over
from processing castor beans.
• It can be in the form of a powder, a mist, or a pellet, or it
can be dissolved in water or weak acid.
• Ricin is a stable substance. For example, it is not affected
much by extreme conditions such as very hot or very cold
temperatures.
• Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a person’s body
and preventing the cells from making the proteins they
need. Without the proteins, cells die. Eventually this is
harmful to the whole body, and death may occur.
• Effects of ricin poisoning depend on whether ricin was
inhaled, ingested, or injected.
48
Ricin
• Inhalation: Within a few hours of inhaling significant amounts of
ricin, the likely symptoms would be respiratory distress (difficulty
breathing), fever, cough, nausea, and tightness in the chest.
• Heavy sweating may follow as well as fluid building up in the lungs
(pulmonary edema).
• This would make breathing even more difficult, and the skin might
turn blue.
• Excess fluid in the lungs would be diagnosed by x-ray or by listening
to the chest with a stethoscope.
• Finally, low blood pressure and respiratory failure may occur, leading
to death.
• In cases of known exposure to ricin, people having respiratory
symptoms that started within 12 hours of inhaling ricin should seek
medical care.
48
Ricin
• Ingestion: If someone swallows a significant amount of ricin, he or
she would develop vomiting and diarrhea that may become bloody.
Severe dehydration may be the result, followed by low blood pressure.
• Other signs or symptoms may include hallucinations, seizures, and
blood in the urine.
• Within several days, the person’s liver, spleen, and kidneys might stop
working, and the person could die.
• Skin and eye exposure: Ricin in the powder or mist form can cause
redness and pain of the skin and the eyes.
• Death from ricin poisoning could take place within 36 to 72 hours of
exposure, depending on the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or
injection) and the dose received.
• If death has not occurred in 3 to 5 days, the victim usually recovers.
48
Smallpox
is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease.
There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is
vaccination.
The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for “spotted” and refers to the raised
bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person.
There are two clinical forms of smallpox.
Variola major is the severe and most common form of smallpox, with a more extensive
rash and higher fever.
There are four types of variola major smallpox:
•
•
•
•
•
•
49
– ordinary (the most frequent type, accounting for 90% or
more of cases)
– modified (mild and occurring in previously vaccinated
persons)
– flat; and hemorrhagic (both rare and very severe).
Historically, variola major has an overall fatality rate of about
30%; however, flat and hemorrhagic smallpox usually are
fatal.
Smallpox
• Variola minor is a less common presentation of smallpox, and a much
less severe disease, with death rates historically of 1% or less.
• Except for laboratory stockpiles, the variola virus has been eliminated.
However, in the aftermath of the events of September and October,
2001, there is heightened concern that the variola virus might be used
as an agent of bioterrorism.
• Generally, direct and fairly prolonged face-to-face contact is required
to spread smallpox from one person to another.
• Smallpox also can be spread through direct contact with infected
bodily fluids or contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing.
• Rarely, smallpox has been spread by virus carried in the air in enclosed
settings such as buildings, buses, and trains.
• Humans are the only natural hosts of variola.
• Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals.
49
Tularemia
• Potentially serious illness that occurs naturally in the United States.
• It is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis found in animals
(especially rodents, rabbits, and hares).
• Symptoms of tularemia could include: sudden fever, chills, headaches,
diarrhea, muscle aches, joint pain, dry cough, and progressive
weakness.
• People can also catch pneumonia and develop chest pain, bloody
sputum and can have trouble breathing and even sometimes stop
breathing.
• Other symptoms of tularemia depend on how a person was exposed to
the tularemia bacteria. These symptoms can include ulcers on the skin
or mouth, swollen and painful lymph glands, swollen and painful eyes,
and a sore throat.
• Symptoms usually appear 3 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria, but
can take as long as 14 days
50
Tularemia
• People can get tularemia many different ways:
–
–
–
–
being bitten by an infected tick, deerfly or other insect
handling infected animal carcasses
eating or drinking contaminated food or water
breathing in the bacteria, F. tularensis
• Tularemia is not known to be spread from person
to person.
• People who have been exposed to the tularemia
bacteria should be treated as soon as possible.
• The disease can be fatal if it is not treated with the
right antibiotics.
50
Protection and
Prevention
Water Storage
• Store at least one gallon per person and pet
per day.
• Store at least a three-day supply of water for
each member of your family
• Store in a cool, dark place in your home,
each vehicle and your workplace.
• Change stored water every six months.
51, 52, 53, 54
Water Sources
Water sources in your home:
• your hot-water tank
• pipes and faucets
• ice cubes
Water sources outside your home:
• Rainwater
• Streams and rivers
• Ponds and lakes
• Natural springs
51, 52, 53, 54
Food Storage
• Store enough food for two weeks.
• Store foods that require no refrigeration, preparation or
cooking .
• Include vitamin, mineral and protein supplements.
• Eat salt-free crackers, whole grain cereals and canned
foods with high liquid content if your water supplies are
low.
• If there's a power outage, eat food in the refrigerator first,
then from the freezer, and finally from stored supplies.
51, 52, 53, 54
Supplies
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•
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Kitchen Supplies (manual can opener, plastic baggies, knife)
Battery-powered radio or television
Extra batteries
Flashlights
First aid kit
Change of clothing and footwear for each person
Blankets or sleeping bags
Sanitation and hygiene items (soap/shampoo, hand sanitizer, bleach)
Entertainment (magazines, books, games)
Matches in a waterproof container
Paper and Pencil
51, 52, 53, 54
Shelter
• Bring everyone indoors
• Choose interior room with few windows or doors
– If a chemical has been released, choose a room above ground level,
because some chemicals are heavier than air and may seep below
ground. If there are radioactive particles in the air, you should
choose an interior room or basement.
•
•
•
•
•
Lock doors and windows and close curtains
Turn off fans, heating, air conditioning
Seal any openings with duct tape/plastic sheeting
Listen to radio/TV
Stay off phone (but keep near by)
51, 52, 53, 54
Treatment
• ThyroSafe Tablets (potassium iodide) as a thyroidblocking agent for use in radiation emergencies.
• ATNAA (atropine/pralidoxime) autoinjector to treat nerve
gas intoxication. .
• Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion for use by the
military to remove or neutralize chemical warfare agents
and T-2 fungal toxin from the skin.
51, 52, 53, 54
Treatment/Prevention
• Smallpox can be prevented through vaccination (Dryvax)
• The treatment for all types of anthrax is antibiotics. The
antibiotics approved by the FDA are Cipro (ciprofloxacin),
drugs in the tetracycline class such as doxycycline, and
some drugs in the penicillin class such as procaine
penicillin G; there is also a vaccine.
• Antibiotics such as streptomycin, doxycycline, and other
drugs in the tetracycline class are used to treat plague.
51, 52, 53, 54
Government Prevention
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is
the U.S. government agency responsible for controlling the
spread of disease.
• State and local health departments have emergency
preparedness and response plans.
• Quarantine (have been exposed to a contagious disease
but who may or may not get sick) and isolation (known to
have a contagious disease) control the spread of disease.
51, 52, 53, 54
Government prevention
• Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and
Response Act of 2002
• Amended Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act to
increase protections associated with public health.
• The Act requires the Secretary of Health and Human
Services (HHS), along with Federal department and
agency officials, to launch a combined effort on
preparedness for acts of bioterrorism.
51, 52, 53, 54, 55
Organizations and Costs
Organizations and Costs
•
56
September 11th it was proposed that within the
next 5 years 3.2 billion dollars should be set
aside and used against bio – terrorism. (Adams,
2001)
– Quote
Organizations and Costs
•
December of 2001 the house passed a bill
that allowed 2.9 billion dollars for bio –
terrorism, less than 7 days later the
senate passed the same bill only adding
300 million dollars more
–
57
Quote from Tommy Thompson
Organizations and Costs
•
The CDC, Health and Human Services;
–
•
In 2003 the “BioWatch Initiative” was started by US
HSD.
–
57, 58
the money that they used in 2002 was used “for
vaccines and other pharmaceutical to prepare for a
possible bio-terror attack, and for the response to the
limited anthrax assault that occurred”. (Adams,
2002)
Quote
The main goal
•
CDC, FDA, and our government is making sure that all of us are
more aware of the threat of bio – terrorism
•
Stockpiling drugs and medical equipment is currently occurring
•
Making laws tougher against those that use or even possess the
possible agents
Summary
• Bioterriorism is a real
– However it is hard to spread the biological
agents
• There are a lot of different agents and a lot of
different treatments
– You can protect yourself and your family
– Agencies are spending lots of money to protect
us
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